收稿日期: 2020-04-21
网络出版日期: 2021-01-22
Comparative biological analysis to investigate the genetic hierarchy of the Indus valley civilization
Received date: 2020-04-21
Online published: 2021-01-22
本文探索了约公元前2600年 ~ 公元1900年之间超过半个世纪印度古文明. 由于气候、经济和社会的变化, 使得其神秘消失, 它被埋藏了将近4000年, 直到英国和印度的考古学家在1920年偶然发现了它的废墟才被揭晓. 印度河流域有超过1000个定居点, 覆盖了至少100万平方公里, 即目前的巴基斯坦和印度西北部. 它是当时最大的城邦文明, 拥有一百万人口和强大的海军出口贸易到海湾和美索不达米亚(乌尔)的城市, 在那里发现了刻有印度河符号的物品. 在20世纪末, 发现了两个最大的遗址, 即莫亨霍达罗和哈拉帕, 这些遗址以其完善的城市卫生设施, 精美的宝石首饰和石雕而著称. 对哈拉帕(巴基斯坦)和法玛纳(印度)地区人类牙齿同位素数据(锶和铅)的分析, 可以探究地球生物的化学迁移史和印度河域墓葬传统. 另外, 生物考古学的分析还揭示了由于气候变化和社会经济的破坏, 疾病(包括传染病、创伤、关节病和牙科疾病)发病率从古到今都在增加. 本文也为研究过去种群内部和种群之间的遗传关系提供了线索.
KHAN Muhammad Hidayatullah , KHAN Muhammad Asadullah , AKBAR Ali , 岳剑 . 印度河流域文明遗传层次的比较生物学分析[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2020 , 2020(S1) : 62 -66 . DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.202092116
1 | GWEN R S, ELAINE B K, BRETT C, et al. Infection, disease, and biosocial processes at the end of the Indus civilization [J]. PlosOne, 2013, 8(12): e84814. |
2 | MARRIS E. Two-hundred-year drought doomed Indus valley civilization [J]. Nature, 2014(3). |
3 | ROBINSON A. Ancient civilization: Cracking the Indus script [J]. Nature, 2015, 526: 499-501. |
4 | WELLS B K. Archaeology: A different take on Indus evidence [J]. Nature, 2016, 532: 313. |
5 | FAIRSERVIS W A. The script of the Indus valley civilization [J]. Scientific American, 1983, 248(3): 58-66. |
6 | PARPOLA A. The Indus script: A challenging puzzle [J]. World Archaeology, 1986, 17(3): 399-419. |
7 | KIVISILD T, ROOTSI S, METSPALU M, et al. The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and castepopulations [J]. American Journal of Human Genetics, 2003, 72(2): 313-332. |
8 | PATHAK A K, KADIAN A, KUSHNIAREVICH A, et al. The genetic ancestry of modern Indus valley populations from NorthwestIndia [J]. American Journal of Human Genetics, 2018, 103(6): 918-929. |
9 | LOVELL N C. Biological affinities, paleopathology, and chemical analyses (corrected proof) [M]// Bioarchaeology of the Indus ValleyCivilization. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2016. |
10 | BATES J. Social organization and change in the Indus Civilization; phytolith analysis of crop processing aims at Masudpur VII[J]. Bioscience Horizons: The National Undergraduate Research Journal, 2011, 4(1): 1-12. |
11 | LARSEN C S, HILLSON S W, BOZ B, et al. Bioarchaeology of neolithic ?atalh?yük: Lives and lifestyles of an early farming society intransition. [J]. Journal of World Prehistory, 2015, 28: 27-68. |
12 | MASUDA R, LOSEY R J, BAZALIISKII V I, et al. Ancient DNA analysis of marmot tooth remains from the Shamanka II andLokomotiv-Raisovet cemeteries near Lake Baikal: Species identification and genealogical characteristics [J]. Quaternary International,2015, 419: 133-139. |
13 | MUKHOPADHYAY B A. Interrogating Indus inscriptions through their context, structure and compositional semantics, to understandtheir inner logic of message conveyance [J]. Palgrave Communications, 2019, 5(73): 1-86. |
14 | POSSEHL G L. Indus Age: the Writing System [M]. Pennsylvania: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1996. |
15 | VALENTINE B, KAMENOV G D, KENOYER J M, et al. Evidence for patterns of selection urban migration in the greater Indus valley (2600-1900 BC): A lead and strontium isotope mortuary analysis [J]. Plos One, 2015, 10(4): e0123103 |
/
〈 |
|
〉 |