华东师范大学学报（自然科学版） ›› 2023, Vol. 2023 ›› Issue (3): 167-180.doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2023.03.016

• 河口海岸学 • 上一篇    

海岸工程及生物入侵对上海南汇东滩海岸带格局演变的影响

张婷玉1, 袁琳1,2,3,*(), 张超4, 李阳1, 赵志远1, 史宇骁1, 张利权1, 顾靖华1,*()   

  1. 1. 华东师范大学 河口海岸学国家重点实验室 蓝碳科学与技术研究中心, 上海　200241
    2. 崇明生态研究院, 上海　202162
    3. 长江三角洲河口湿地生态系统教育部/上海市野外科学观测研究站, 上海　202162
    4. 华东师范大学 地理科学学院, 上海　200241
  • 收稿日期:2022-01-27 接受日期:2022-04-30 出版日期:2023-05-25 发布日期:2023-05-25
  • 通讯作者: 袁琳,顾靖华 E-mail:lyuan@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn;jhgu@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金(41876093); 上海市科委项目(21DZ1201803, 21DZ1201700); 上海市自然科学基金(22ZR1421500); 华东师范大学“生态 + ”项目

Effects of coastal engineering and biological invasion on changes in the coastal pattern of Nanhui Dongtan, Shanghai

Tingyu ZHANG1, Lin YUAN1,2,3,*(), Chao ZHANG4, Yang LI1, Zhiyuan ZHAO1, Yuxiao SHI1, Liquan ZHANG1, Jinghua GU1,*()   

  1. 1. Center for Blue Carbon Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai　200241, China
    2. Institute of Eco-Chongming, Shanghai　202162, China
    3. Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Science and Technology Committee, Shanghai　202162, China
    4. School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai　200241, China
  • Received:2022-01-27 Accepted:2022-04-30 Online:2023-05-25 Published:2023-05-25
  • Contact: Lin YUAN,Jinghua GU E-mail:lyuan@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn;jhgu@sklec.ecnu.edu.cn

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摘要：

受人类活动与自然因素的双重影响, 海岸带的格局易发生快速演变, 从而直接或间接地影响海岸带生态系统的结构、功能和可持续发展. 本研究以上海市南汇东滩的海岸带为典型研究区, 通过遥感解译、海图数字化、野外现场调查等方法获取海岸带格局的时空分布数据, 分析了近20年 (2000—2020年) 海岸带空间格局变化及其演变规律, 并重点分析了海岸工程 (圈围工程和促淤工程) 和外来物种互花米草 (Spartina alterniflora) 入侵两个主要影响因素对海岸带格局的影响. 结果表明: ① 自2000年以来, 受海岸人类活动的影响, 南汇东滩海岸带的土地利用类型逐渐增加, 从以近海与海岸湿地为主的简单格局逐渐转变为近海与海岸湿地、内陆湿地、人工湿地、农田和建设用地等多种土地利用类型共存的复杂格局.② 2000—2005年的海岸圈围工程导致南汇东滩海岸带近海海岸湿地面积减少11894.7 hm2, 被圈围的近海海岸湿地转变为水稻田、库塘、农田等土地利用类型; 圈围初期淤泥质海滩 (0 m以上) 和潮间盐水沼泽出现淤涨和发育 (淤涨速率分别为320.5 hm2/a和110.9 hm2/a), 但随后 (至2015年) 淤涨速率缓慢下降至286.8 hm2/a和15.7 hm2/a; 圈围工程实施后, 经过10年 (2005—2015年) 的自然恢复, 近海与海岸湿地的面积也未达到圈围前2000年的水平. ③ 南汇东滩实施了海岸硬质促淤工程和生物促淤工程两种促淤工程, 均显著促进了近海与海岸湿地的快速发育, 但硬质促淤工程对于格局演变的影响更显著, 工程后淤泥质海滩 (0 m以上) 和潮间盐水沼泽向海推进速率分别为516.9 hm2/a和915.7 hm2/a, 分别是非促淤区自然淤涨速率的5.4倍和13.9倍. 引种互花米草的生物促淤工程, 仅在海堤至促淤堤内的有限范围内促进了互花米草的快速扩散和格局演变. ④ 外来物种互花米草在2020年已成为南汇东滩盐沼植被第一大优势植物, 占盐沼植被总面积的56%, 并显著改变了近海与海岸湿地的生态结构和功能. 由此可见, 海岸工程和生物入侵对海岸带格局演变产生了明显的动态影响. 尽管海岸带生态系统对海岸人类活动表现出一定的恢复力, 但湿地类型、面积和功能的变化是未来花很大代价都很难或无法恢复的. 如何整合海岸带近海与海岸湿地和内陆湿地的生态功能, 通过实施海岸带保护修复、生态补偿等措施实现海岸带可持续健康发展, 是未来陆海统筹需要解决的重要问题.

关键词: 海岸带, 格局演变, 海岸工程, 生物入侵, 南汇东滩

Abstract:

Under the dual influence of human activities and natural factors, the coastal zone patterns are prone to rapid changes which can directly or indirectly affect the structure, function, and sustainable development of the coastal ecosystem. Using the coastal zone of Nanhui Dongtan in Shanghai as a typical research area, we used remote sensing interpretation, sea chart digitization, and field investigation to analyze changes in spatial patterns and changes in coastal zones over the last 20 years (from 2000 to 2020). In addition, the effects of coastal engineering (including reclamation engineering and siltation promotion engineering) and S. alterniflora invasion on coastal pattern dynamics were analyzed. The results showed that: ① Since 2000, under the influence of coastal engineering and biological invasion, the land use types of Nanhui Dongtan coastal zone changed from a simple pattern dominated by coastal wetlands to a complex pattern which included multiple land use types (i.e. coastal wetlands, inland wetlands, constructed wetlands, farmland, and construction land). ② Coastal reclamation engineering decreased 11894.7 hm2 of coastal wetlands in the Nanhui Dongtan coastal zone from 2000 to 2005. The reclaimed coastal wetlands were transferred into land use types such as rice fields, ponds, and farmland due to human activities; the reclamation engineering promoted deposition of sediment in the estuary and tidal mudflat (above 0 m) and the intertidal salt marsh developed with increased rates of 320.5 hm2/a and 110.9 hm2/a, respectively; meanwhile, the siltation rate decreased to 286.8 hm2/a and 15.7 hm2/a, respectively, after 2015. After 10 years (2005—2015) of natural recovery, the area of coastal wetlands did not reach the levels seen before reclamation in Year 2000. ③ Two types of siltation promotion engineering—hard siltation promotion engineering and biological siltation promotion engineering—have both significantly promoted the rapid development of coastal wetlands in Nanhui Dongtan. Hard silting promotion engineering with propagation rates of 516.9 hm2/a in tidal mudflats (above 0 m) and 915.7 hm2/a in intertidal salt marshes, respectively, was 5.4 times and 13.9 times higher than rates observed in non-siltation areas; hence, the effects were more significant than biological siltation promotion engineering which only resulted in pattern changes in a limited area between the seawall and the wave dissipation dike by planting S. alterniflora. ④ After introducing S. alterniflora in Nanhui Dongtan, it became the most dominant plant in the Nanhui Dongtan salt marsh, accounting for 56% of the total area; this significantly changed the ecological structure and function of coastal wetlands in 2020. Coastal engineering and biological invasion have a great impact on coastal zone patterns. Although the coastal ecosystem showed a certain resilience to coastal human activities, changes in the wetland type, area, and function were difficult or impossible to recover at a great cost in the future. How to integrate the ecological functions of coastal wetlands and inland wetlands through the implementation of coastal zone restoration, ecological protection, and other measures to achieve the sustainable and healthy development of coastal zones is an important problem for future land and sea planning.

Key words: coastal zone, pattern change, coastal engineering, biological invasion, Nanhui Dongtan

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