人体微纳塑料研究现状及存在的主要问题

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2024.06.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

微纳塑料在自然界中广泛存在, 已成为人们关注的热点问题. 然而, 由于缺乏关键的人体微纳塑料暴露数据, 对微纳塑料进入人体可能带来的健康风险了解尚浅. 目前的研究显示, 微纳塑料在人体的多个部位存在. 但是, 人体微纳塑料的实验分析方法尚未统一, 主要差异在于样品前处理和检测手段, 这增加了对微纳塑料在人体中的分布、转移、积累和排出进行系统性研究的难度. 此外, 纳米塑料(小于1 μm)的研究还面临一些难以克服的技术障碍. 微纳塑料标准品的实验研究结果虽然具有指导性, 但并不能全面反映真实环境中微纳塑料的暴露风险, 因此, 在科学上并不具有普遍意义. 本文旨在为人体微纳塑料的实验分析方法和风险评估的标准化提供指导方向.

关键词: 微纳塑料, 人体暴露, 实验分析方法, 健康风险, 风险评估的标准化

Abstract:

Micro- and nanoplastics (M-NPs) are ubiquitous in the natural environment and have become a topic of concern. However, due to the lack of key data on human exposure to M-NPs, our understanding of the potential health risks posed by the entry of M-NPs into the human body is still limited. Current research indicates that M-NPs are commonly found in various parts of the human body. However, the experimental analysis techniques for M-NPs in the human body have not yet been standardized, with the main differences lying in sample pretreatment and detection methods. This increases the difficulty of conducting systematic research on the distribution, transfer, accumulation, and excretion of M-NPs in the human body. In addition, the study of nanoplastics (< 1 μm) still faces insurmountable technical obstacles. The experimental research results of M-NPs standard samples, although instructive, do not fully reflect the exposure risks of M-NPs in the real environment, and thus, do not have universal scientific significance. This review aims to provide direction for the standardization of experimental analysis and risk assessment for M-NPs in the human body.

Key words: micro- and nanoplastics, human exposure, experimental analysis methods, health risks, standardization of risk assessment

中图分类号:

崔铁峰, 李道季. 人体微纳塑料研究现状及存在的主要问题[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2024, 2024(6): 1-13.

Tiefeng CUI, Daoji LI. Progress and critical issues in research on micro- and nanoplastics in human body[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science), 2024, 2024(6): 1-13.

图/表 2

表1

图1

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样品	丰度	形状	尺寸/μm	材质类型	检测方法	文献
痰液	39.5 个/(10 mL) (18.75 ~ 91.75) 个/(10 mL)	纤维	20 ~ 500	PU, CPE	FTIR, LDIR	[16]
肺	0.85 个/g	颗粒, 纤维	1.60 ~ 16.80	PP, PE, 棉	Raman	[17]
	(0.69 ± 0.84) 个/g	纤维, 碎片, 薄膜	12 ~ 2475	PP, PET, 人造丝	FTIR	[18]
	28.4 个/g	纤维, 碎片	0.8 ~ 1750	棉, PET, 苯氧树脂	Raman, FTIR, SEM/EDS, LDIR	[19]
下呼吸道 (BALF)	纤维: 9.18 ± 2.45; 颗粒: (0.57 ± 0.27) 个/(100 mL)	纤维, 颗粒	1730 ± 150, 140 ~ 9960	PP, 人造丝, PET	SEM-EDS, FTIR	[20]
唾液	0.33 个/(ind·d)	纤维	< 100	-	Raman	[21]
结肠	(28.1 ± 15.4) 个/g	纤维	800 ~ 1600	PC, PA, PP	FTIR, SEM-EDS	[22]
脾	1.1 个/g	-	-	-	Raman	[10]
肝	4.6 个/g	碎片, 球体	4 ~ 30	PET, PS, PVC	Raman	[10]
粪便	20 个/(10 g)(ww)	碎片, 薄膜	50 ~ 500	PP, PET, PE	FTIR	[23]
	1 ~ 36 个/g (dw)	-	20 ~ 800	PP, PET, PS	FTIR	[24]
	-	纤维, 碎片	50 ~ 300	PVB, PBT	Raman	[25]
	28 ~ 41.8 个/g (dm)	薄膜, 纤维,碎片, 颗粒	-	PET, PA, PP	Raman	[26]
	3.33 ~ 13.99 μg/g	-	-	PE, PP, PS	Raman	[2]
	6.94 ~ 16.55 μg/g	-	-	PP, PE, PS	Raman	[27]
	20.4 ~ 138.9 个/g	纤维, 碎片	40.2 ~ 4812.9	PS, PP, PE	Raman	[28]
	PET: 2200 ~ 16000 ng/g, PC: 37 ~ 620 ng/g	-	-	PET, PC	HPLC	[24]
粪便和尿液	粪便: 691.14 μg/g 尿液: 11.05 μg/mL	碎片, 纤维, 薄膜	0.22 ~ 446.03	PE, PET, PP	LDIR, TD-GC/MS	[29]
乳汁	0 ~ 2.72 个/g	碎片, 球体	2 ~ 12	PE, PVC, PP	Raman	[11]
胎盘	0.13 个/g	碎片, 球体	5 ~ 10	PP	Raman	[30]
	-	碎片	2.1 ~ 18.5	-	SEM-EDS	[31]
	0.28 ~ 9.55, (2.7 ± 2.65) 个/g	碎片, 纤维	20.34 ~ 307.29	PVC, PP, PBS	LDIR	[32]
	-	-	> 50	PE, PP, PS	FTIR	[33]
精液	0 ~ 2.5 个/mL	碎片, 球体	2 ~ 6	PP, PS, PET	Raman	[34]
心脏	0 ~ 75504 个/g	-	20 ~ 469	PET, PU, PE	LDIR	[35]
血液	1.6 μg/mL	-	> 0.7	PET, PE, PS	Py-GC/MS	[12]
	0 ~ 622 个/mL	-	20 ~ 184	PA, PET, PU	LDIR	[35]
	PE: (21.7 ± 24.5) μg/mg PVC: (5.2 ± 2.4) μg/mg	-	< 0.2	PE, PVC	Py-GC/MS	[36]
	1070 ng/mL	-	> 0.3	PE, PVC, PET	Py-GC/MS	[37]
血栓	1 ~ 15 个/g	碎片	2.1 ~ 26	PE	Raman	[38]

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