可扩展区块链架构设计与展望

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2026.05.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

区块链是构建以数据和数学为基础的信任基础设施的关键技术. 随着其在经济、民生等领域的应用不断深入, 用户规模急剧扩大, 任务逻辑日趋复杂, 如何提升区块链系统的可扩展能力已成为当务之急. 传统分布式数据库系统主要处理故障停止容错问题, 而区块链系统需要应对拜占庭容错问题, 这使得后者的执行性能远低于前者. 体系架构是制约区块链性能的关键因素, 通过体系架构创新来提升可扩展性尤为重要. 本文回顾了区块链体系架构演变对可扩展性的影响, 深入分析节点间的信任关系, 并设计了一种层级化链片混合架构——以层级化方式组织和管理分片, 有助于增强系统的可扩展能力. 展望未来, 还可从信任机制设计、模块化设计、软硬件协同、链上链下协同以及人工智能深度融合等方向, 持续推动区块链可扩展能力的进一步提升.

关键词: 区块链, 可扩展性, 体系架构

Abstract:

Blockchain is a key technology for building trust infrastructure based on data and mathematics. With ever-deeper applications in economy, livelihood, and other fields, the number of users has expanded rapidly, and task logic has become increasingly complex. How to enhance the scalability of blockchain systems thus becomes critical. Traditional distributed database systems only need to handle fail-stop faults, whereas blockchain systems must tolerate Byzantine faults, which results in significantly lower execution performance. System architecture is critical for blockchain performance, and architectural innovation is particularly important for scalability. This paper reviews the impact of architectural evolution on blockchain scalability, conducts an in-depth analysis of trust relationships among nodes, and proposes a hierarchical hybrid sharding architecture that organizes and manages shards in a layered manner, significantly enhancing system scalability. Further improvements in blockchain scalability include trust mechanism design, modular design, hardware and software co-design, on-chain and off-chain coordination, and deep integration with artificial intelligence.

Key words: blockchain, scalability, architecture

中图分类号:

TP315

金澈清, 周倩, 张召, 杨艳琴. 可扩展区块链架构设计与展望[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2026, 2026(5): 26-41.

Cheqing JIN, Qian ZHOU, Zhao ZHANG, Yanqin YANG. Design and prospects of scalable blockchain architecture[J]. J* E* C* N* U* N* S*, 2026, 2026(5): 26-41.

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扩容技术路线	核心作用层级	性能提升幅度	核心技术瓶颈 / 安全风险
网络与存储优化	底层基础设施/主链	较小 (与硬件性能相关)	受限于物理网络带宽与单节点硬件上限
共识机制创新	主链	中等 (优化共识延时)	难以突破“不可能三角”, 性能提升需与安全性/去中心化程度做权衡
扁平化分片	主链 (架构重构)	较大 (横向扩展)	跨片交易协调开销高、重分片状态迁移代价大
DAG 架构	主链 (拓扑重构)	极大 (并发执行)	高并发下, 如何实现全局共识、确保系统安全性与去中心化
状态通道	二层网络	极高 (仅限特定通道内)	资金占用率高、通道流通性及路由问题、参与者离线风险; 通用复杂合约能力有限
Rollup (ZK/Op)	二层网络	极大 (计算与数据压缩)	依然存在对底层主链数据可用性的深度依赖

序号	观察	思路	方法
1	能否利用处理器芯片的多核特性？	发掘多核并发能力, 单节点交易并发验证	[45]
2	是否处理完一个区块后才可处理下一区块？	结合流水线方法并行处理	[46]
3	批量交易处理可否加速？	引入确定性并发机制	[47]
4	是否可以结合共识协议进行优化？	结合无主共识协议, 优化执行效率	[48]

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