海洋环境中的微塑料及其附着生物研究进展

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2022.03.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来, 废弃塑料造成的白色污染引起了人们的广泛关注. 小于 5 mm的塑料微粒 (微塑料) 在海洋环境中广泛分布, 其表面附着生物, 既包括对海洋生物甚至人体有害的潜在致病菌, 又存在能够减少其污染的塑料分解菌. 微塑料因其难降解的特性, 可以在水环境中持久存在, 其表面附着的微生物也能够长期稳定地生存. 此外, 微塑料可能通过食物链传递给更高营养级的生物, 会被误食而影响到鱼类生长. 本文综述了微塑料在海洋环境中的分布, 微塑料表面含有或附着的有害物质对生物体的可能影响. 探讨了微塑料表面附着的致病微生物及塑料分解微生物的生态效应, 以及微塑料通过食物链向高营养级传递的可能性. 对微塑料分布和表面附着生物可能引起的生态风险进行了分析. 还指出了在塑料垃圾和微塑料对海洋生态系统的影响方面需要有更多的研究, 以全面认识海洋微塑料及其附着物的生态效应, 为海洋塑料污染治理提供科学依据.

关键词: 微塑料, 微生物, 塑料圈, 海洋环境污染

Abstract:

In recent years, white pollution caused by waste plastics has attracted widespread attention. Microplastics, which are smaller than 5 mm, are widely distributed in the marine environment. The organisms attached to microplastic surfaces include potential pathogenic bacteria that are harmful to marine life and even human health, as well as plastic-degrading bacteria that can reduce their pollution. Microplastics are difficult to degrade, so they can exist in the aquatic environment for a long time, and the microorganisms attached to their surface can also live stably. In addition, microplastics may pass through the food chain to organisms at higher nutritional levels, and may be eaten by fish and affect fish growth. This paper reviews the distribution of microplastics in the ocean and the potential effects of harmful substances contained or attached to the microplastic surface on organisms. The ecological effects of pathogenic microorganisms attached to the surface of microplastics and plastic decomposition microorganisms, as well as the potential of microplastic transmission to high nutritional levels through the food chain were discussed. The ecological risk of microplastic distribution and surface-attached organisms was analyzed. Furtherly, it is still necessary to understand the impact of plastic waste and microplastics on the marine ecosystem, so as to fully understand the ecological effects of marine microplastics and their attachments, and provide a scientific basis for marine plastic pollution control.

Key words: microplastics, microorganism, plastisphere, marine environmental pollution

中图分类号:

P714+.5

李道季, 董旭日. 海洋环境中的微塑料及其附着生物研究进展[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2022, 2022(3): 1-7.

Daoji LI, Xuri DONG. Research progress of microplastics and attached organisms in marine environment[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science), 2022, 2022(3): 1-7.

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