水体微塑料的垂向分布及采样方法比较研究——以九龙江河口为例

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2024.01.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

由于受到潮汐过程的影响, 河口区微塑料的调查和研究存在着方法不统一、数据误差较大的问题. 2019年夏季使用泵采法在九龙江河口开展原位全水层微塑料采样, 对不同水层、不同站位间的微塑料丰度及其赋存特征进行分析, 并与其他在该河口的相关调查研究结果进行对比. 结果表明: 九龙江河口表、中、底层水体中的微塑料赋存量存在明显差异, 河流入海口及靠近污染源处表层水中微塑料丰度明显高于中、底层中, 在潮汐作用剧烈的河口区, 中、底层中微塑料丰度高于表层水中, 存在明显分层现象; 使用不同采样方法获取的微塑料数量浓度值存在较大差异, 泵采法相比拖网法能更有效地截留塑料纤维; 使用泵采法过滤水样体积、滤经筛网孔径大小都对收集到的微塑料丰度、尺寸有显著影响. 采样方法的不同将导致微塑料丰度结果的显著差异, 在潮汐河口进行微塑料监测有必要将潮汐作用考虑在内. 因此, 建议建立潮汐河口的微塑料业务化监测和通量观测, 并采用洪、枯季, 大、小潮的全潮时段的观测采样方法.

关键词: 微塑料, 采样方法, 垂向分布, 九龙江河口

Abstract:

Due to the influence of tidal processes, sampling and study of microplastics in estuarine areas have been hampered by inconsistent research methods and large data errors. In this study, whole-water depth sampling was conducted in the Jiulong River estuary using the pumping method in August of 2019. The abundances and distribution patterns of microplastics among different water layers and stations were analyzed and compared with research studies performed using different sampling methods. The results showed that the microplastic abundances in the surface, middle, and bottom waters of the Jiulong River estuary were markedly different and influenced by tidal effects. The abundances of microplastics obtained by different sampling methods were also significantly different. The abundance of microplastics in the surface water was significantly higher than the abundances in the middle and bottom waters near the source of pollution, and the abundances of microplastics in the middle and bottom waters were higher than the abundance in the surface water within the main estuary, which is subject to strong tidal action and has obvious stratification. The pumping method was more effective than the trawling method at retaining plastic fibers. The volume of water sample filtered by the pumping method and the size of the filtering mesh had significant effects on the abundances and sizes of the obtained microplastics. Different sampling methods lead to considerable differences in microplastic abundance results, and it is necessary to take tidal effects into account during microplastic monitoring in tidal estuaries. Therefore, it is recommended that operational monitoring and flux observations of microplastics in tidal estuaries be established and that sampling methods for observation of full tidal periods of flood and dry seasons and high and low tides should be used.

Key words: microplastics, sampling method, vertical distribution, the Jiulong River estuary

中图分类号:

P714+.5

蒋春华, 易津旭, 朱礼鑫, 刘凯, 宗常兴, 李道季. 水体微塑料的垂向分布及采样方法比较研究——以九龙江河口为例[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2024, 2024(1): 79-89.

Chunhua JIANG, Jinxu YI, Lixin ZHU, Kai LIU, Changxing ZONG, Daoji LI. Comparative study of the vertical distribution characteristics of microplastics and sampling methods for microplastics in the water column: A case study in the Jiulong River estuary[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science), 2024, 2024(1): 79-89.

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研究来源	采样时间(年/月或季)	采样方式	采水体积	孔径/ μm	滤膜	九龙江河口塑料纤维检出率	结论
本研究	2019/8	表层水: 潜水泵; 中底层: 浮游生物泵	8 m³	60	玻璃纤维膜1.6 μm	表层17.61%, 中层64.77%, 底层45.81%	JLJ-1—JLJ-3站位平均值 (11.76 ± 8.28) 个/m³
Lin等^[11]	2021/冬季	Manta拖网	具体体积未提及	330	经过5 mm与0.3 mm不锈钢筛, 后将0.3 mm筛网上的微塑料过滤至0.7 mm玻璃纤维膜	纤维13.6%, 线状18.5%	1.30 个/m³
Wu等^[10]	2020/1	Manta拖网采集表层	具体体积未提及	333	分别过5 mm、300 μm、45 μm尼龙网	各水层均为碎片, 远多于纤维	九龙江河口湾处站位表层水0.8 个/m³, 次表层水 267 个/m³
Wu等^[10]	2020/1	自吸泵采集次表层 (0.5~1 m)及中层和底层	105 L	45	分别过5 mm、300 μm、45 μm尼龙网	各水层均为碎片, 远多于纤维	九龙江河口湾处站位表层水0.8 个/m³, 次表层水 267 个/m³
Li等^[16]	2019/4	44 μm潜水泵	150 ~ 200 L	20	先经过5 mm不锈钢筛, 再经过20 μm尼龙滤膜	5.80%	平均11.1 个/m³ (0.3 ~ 5 mm) , 232 个/m³ (44 ~ 330 μm); 泵采 (171.0 ± 85.5) 个/m³; 网采 (43.44 ± 2.48) 个/m³
Li等^[16]	2019/4	Manta拖网	约 300 m³	330	先经过5 mm不锈钢筛, 再经过20 μm尼龙滤膜	19.22%
Tang等^[18]	2017/3	Manta拖网	约 300 m³	330	尼龙滤膜20 μm	25.24%	九龙江河口表层水(438.8 ± 190.7) 个/m³, 东海近海(252.0 ± 58.9) 个/m³, 厦门岛西海域(695.8 ± 735.0) 个/m³

采样地点	采样方式	结论
渤海海域^[20]	采水器 (每个水层采集46 L)	渤海的5 ~ 15 m水深处积累更多微塑料, 小尺寸微塑料在更深的水层赋存, 水柱和沉积物中微塑料丰度存在显著性差异
韩国沿海水域^[23]	自制不锈钢采水器, 过滤100 L水样至20 μm筛网	每个水柱中聚丙烯与聚乙烯占绝大部分, 城市区域微塑料丰度高于农村
北极中央盆地^[24]	CTD采水器 (每个深度采集48 L)	次表层水中微塑料普遍存在, 并垂向输运至北冰洋中部
丹江口水库^[21]	5 L不锈钢采水器	中间水层微塑料含量显著高于表层水和底层水
海河^[25]	20 L不锈钢采水器采集表、中层水与底质上覆水	表、中层水微塑料浓度低于底质上覆水浓度, 特定区域 (如污水处理厂) 微塑料浓度高于普通区域
太湖^[26]	5 L采水器, 中、底层水使用潜水泵	微塑料浓度: 表层水>中层水>底层水
北黄海四十里湾^[17]	采水器 (每个水层采集20 L)	8月样品中、底层水微塑料浓度明显高于2、5和11月

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