学习结果导向的能力和技能：人力资源发展、教育和培训中的能力拓展、建模和标准

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 本文对“数字时代”的能力和技能的潜在用例和影响进行了总结，主要强调了人力资源发展标准和元数据扮演的角色和优势，同时解释了能力模型能够为学习、教育和培训中的质量发展提供的特殊支持.关于这个方面，只对这一被称为“能力建模”的创新方法的主要特征以及它与职业教育、培训（VET）的关联进行了总结.同时，还介绍了一个常见的能力模型，这一模型包括一个标准化能力结构和一套水平分类，并针对一般应用情景和职业教育、培训中的具体用例进行了讨论.有证据表明，能力建模和现有的能力模型不仅使得工作地点、组织和个人的发展获得了改善，同时还加速了世界的移动，能力和技能也越来越被人们认识和了解.最后介绍了欧洲对能力建模的主要行动方案，并强调了与之有关的现有标准化活动.

关键词: 人力资源发展, 学习、教育和培训（LET）, 职业教育与培训（VET）, WACOM, eCOTOOL, 能力标准, 能力建模元数据

Abstract: This paper will summarize the potential use cases and impacts of competences and skills in the new area, often called “Digital Age”: It will highlight the roles and benefits of standards and metadata for HR development and points out the special support that competence models can provide for the quality development in learning, education, and training. In this regard, the main characteristics of this innovative approach called competence modelling and its relevance in vocational education and training (VET) can only be summarized. A general competence model with a standardized competence structure and taxonomy of levels is introduced and discussed for the general application scenarios and for the specific use cases in vocational education and training. It can be shown that competence modelling and the presented competence model lead to an improvement of the working places, of the organizational and individual development, to an increase of the mobility worldwide as well as to a higher transparency and recognition of competences and skills. Finally leading European initiatives on competence modelling are introduced and the current standardization activities are highlighted.

Key words: human resources development, learning, education, and training (LET), vocational education and training (VET), WACOM, eCOTOOL, competence standards, metadata for competence modelling

中图分类号:

Q948

C·M·斯塔克. 学习结果导向的能力和技能：人力资源发展、教育和培训中的能力拓展、建模和标准[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2012, 2012(2): 115-130.

Christian M. STRACKE. Competences and skills for learning-outcome orientation: competence development, modelling, and standards for human resources development, education and training[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Sc, 2012, 2012(2): 115-130.

参考文献

［1］ CHOMSKY N. Current issues in linguistic theory［M］. The Hague: Mouton, 1962.

［2］ CROSBY P. B. Quality is Free［M］. The art of making quality certain. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980.

［3］ DEMING W. E. Out of the Crisis［M］. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1986.

［4］ DEMING W. E. Quality, productivity and competitive position. Cambridge MA: MIT, 1982.

［5］ DONABEDIAN A. The Definition of Quality and Approaches to Its Assessment (= Explorations in Quality Assessment and Monitoring, vol. 1)［M］. Ann Arbor: Health Administration Press, 1980.

［6］ EQF = The European Qualifications Framework for Lifelong Learning. Luxembourg: European Commission［EB/OL］. 2008［2012-02-06］. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/education_culture/publ/pdf/eqf/broch_en.pdf.

［7］ European Commission. European Digital Agenda 2020［EB/OL］. 2010［2012-02-06］. http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52010DC0245:EN:NOT.

［8］ FRIEDMAN T L. The World is flat. The Globalized World in the Twenty-First Century［M］. London: Penguin Books, 2006.

［9］ HILDEBRANDT B, STRACKE C M, JACOVI M. (2006). Support Systems for Quality in E-Learning［C］// KOMMERS P./ RICHARDS G. Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunication 2006. Chesapeake, VA: AACE, 151-158.

［10］ ISO/IEC 19788-1 (2010): Information Technology-Learning, Education, and Training—Metadata for Learning Resources-Part 1: Framework. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

［11］ ISO/IEC 19796-1 (2005): Information Technology-Learning, Education, and Training—Quality Management, Assurance and Metrics—Part 1: General Approach. Geneva: International Organisation for Standardization (ISO).

［12］ ISO/IEC 20006-1 (WD) (2010): Information Technology for Learning, Education and Training—Information Model for Competency—Part 1: Competency General Framework and Information Model.

［13］ JURAN J M. (1992). Juran on quality by design. The new steps for planning quality into goods and services. New York: Free Press.

［14］ JURAN J M. (1951). Quality Control Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill.

［15］ LUHMANN N. (1998): The Society of the Society ［= Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft］. Frankfurt/ Main: Suhrkamp.

［16］ LUHMANN N. (1995): Social Systems. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

［17］ MATURANA H. R./ Varela, Francisco J. (1992): The Tree of Knowledge. The Biological Roots of Understanding. Boston: Shambhala.

［18］ PIAGET J. (1969): The origin of intelligence in the child. London: Routledge (1953).

［19］ PIAGET J./ Inhelder, B. (1972): Die Psychologie des Kindes. Olten/ Freiburg i.Br.: Walter-Verlag.

［20］ PAS 1093 (2009): Human Resource Development with special consideration of Learning, Education and Training-Competence Modelling in Human Resource Development. Berlin: Beuth. ［also online available on: http://www.qed-info.de/downloads］.

［21］ SC36 (2006): SC36 Terms of Reference, retrieved October 28, 2006.

［22］ STRACKE C M. (2011): “Competence Modelling for Innovations and Quality Development in E-Learning: Towards learning outcome orientation by competence models”; in: Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunication 2011 ［= EdMedia 2011］ (2011), AACE, Chesapeake, VA (in print).

［23］ STRACKE C M. (2010a): Quality and Standards in Learning, Education, and Training: The Adaptation Model IDEA for the Introduction of Quality Development. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on the Past and Future of e-Learning Standards. Toyo, Tokyo (2010) ［also online available on: http://www.qed-info.de/downloads］.

［24］ STRACKE C M. (2010b): “Quality development and standards in learning, education, and training: adaptation model and guidelines for implementations”; in: Информатизация образования и науки ［= Информике (Informika), ISSN 2073-7572］; Vol. 7 (3), 2010. Moscow (Russian Federation). S. 136-146. ［also online available on: http://www.qed-info.de/downloads］.

［25］ STRACKE C M. (2009): “Quality Development and Standards in e-Learning: Benefits and Guidelines for Implementations”; in: Proceedings of the ASEM Lifelong Learning Conference: e-Learning and Workplace Learning. Bangkok (Thailand) ［also online available on: http://www.qed-info.de/downloads］.

［26］ STRACKE C M. (2006a). Process-oriented Quality Management. In Pawlowski J. & Ehlers, U. (Eds.) European Handbook on Quality and Standardisation in E-Learning. Berlin: Springer, 79-96.

［27］ STRACKE C M. (2006b). Interoperability and Quality Development in e-Learning. In Proceedings of the Asia-Europe e-Learning Colloquy. Seoul: e-ASEM.

［28］ STRACKE C M./ Hildebrandt, B. (2007). Quality Development and Quality Standards in eLearning: Adoption, Implementation, and Adaptation. In Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunication 2007. Chesapeake, VA: AACE, 4158-4165.

［29］ WEINERT FRANZ E. (2001): “Concept of Competence: A Conceptual Clarification”, in: Rychen, Dominique Simone (Hg.): Defining and selecting key competencies, Hogrefe & Huber: Seattle et al., 45-66.

［30］ WHITE R W. (1959): “Motivation reconsidered. The concept of competence”, in: Psychol. Rev., 66, 297-333.

[1]	张沈裕, 朱建荣. 长江河口石洞口水域电厂温排水输运扩散观测和分析[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, 2016(2): 101-111.
[2]	马丽, 陈源, 李琪. 江南古镇滨水空间“原型”分析[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 2015(6): 170-178.
[3]	张晓莹，董蕾，陈红. 无线传感器网络隐私保护范围查询处理技术[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 2015(5): 1-13.
[4]	郑淼，王斌，杨晓春. 路网环境下基于位置服务的隐私保护方法[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 2015(5): 116-127.
[5]	刘曙曙，刘安，刘冠峰，李直旭，赵雷，郑凯. 一种高效的保护隐私的轨迹相似度计算框架[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 2015(5): 154-161.
[6]	张晨东，郭进伟，刘柏众，储佳佳，周敏奇，钱卫宁. 基于Raft一致性协议的高可用性实现[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 2015(5): 172-.
[7]	张艳艳, 魏金豹, 黄民生, 曹承进, 何岩. 环境因子对滴水湖浮游植物生长的影响分析[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 2015(2): 48-57.
[8]	陈雯, 朱敏. 结合区域间差异性的水平集演化模型[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2014, 2014(6): 57-66.
[9]	沈国华, 张剑, 王慧, 吴殷, 曾雨雯, 杜小霞. 大学生运动员脑白质的变化: 基于磁共振扩散张量成像研究[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2014, 2014(4): 94-101.
[10]	方燕辉，郭雪艳，范欣婷，达良俊. 不同水生植物配置模式对垃圾渗滤液尾水的净化效果[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2014, 2014(3): 117-124.
[11]	王樟华, 王希华, 沈国春. 台风干扰对天童常绿阔叶林凋落物量的影响[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2014, 2014(1): 79-89.
[12]	石国娴, 徐学诚. 卤素掺杂对多壁碳纳米管导电性能的影响[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 2013(6): 120-126.
[13]	关阅章, 刘安田, 仲启铖, 王开运. 滨海围垦湿地芦苇凋落物分解对模拟增温的响应[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 2013(5): 27-34.
[14]	冯亮，沙朝锋. 电子商务网站搜索引擎检索串分析[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 2013(3): 79-83，105.
[15]	张一璠，陈玉霞，何岩，黄民生. 水体扰动对黑臭河道内源氮营养盐赋存形式的影响[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2013, 2013(2): 1-10.