Release and risk of UV absorbers from plastics entering rivers

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2024.06.016

Abstract

Abstract:

Rivers serve as the primary corridors for transporting plastics to the sea. To understand the sources, pathways, and fate of plastic pollution, this paper provides an inductive analysis and computational optimization of plastic flux into rivers. Additionally, given the limited research on ultraviolet (UV) absorbers in plastics and the absence of quantitative data on UV absorbers leaching from plastics into rivers, this paper synthesizes and refines methods for calculating plastic riverine fluxes. It also proposes an equation for estimating the transport flux of UV absorbers through river systems. The results showed that the Rhine River in Europe has the highest mass flux of total plastics (including both microplastics and macroplastics), followed by the Ganges River in India. Among the five commonly studied types of UV absorbers, benzotriazole UV absorbers (213.40 kg/a) and benzophenone UV absorbers (192.95 kg/a) exhibited the highest riverine fluxes. Predictions based on a biotoxicity model indicated that benzotriazoles have significant potential biotoxicity, highlighting the need for further studies on their environmental behavior, fate, and ecological impacts. This paper aims to summarize and analyze global plastic associated UV absorbers fluxes into rivers, providing a foundation for developing effective prevention and control strategies to address UV absorber pollution and protect aquatic ecosystem health.

Key words: river plastic flux, ultraviolet(UV) absorbers, biotoxicity

CLC Number:

X522

Zhuolan ZHANG, Qiqing CHEN, Yuye CHEN, Xiaoyun YAN, Yan YANG, Huahong SHI. Release and risk of UV absorbers from plastics entering rivers[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science), 2024, 2024(6): 188-199.

Figures/Tables 5

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Fig.1

Fig.2

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排名	河流名称	地区	微塑料年入河通量/(t·a^–1)	宏塑料年入河通量/(t·a^–1)	总塑料年入河通量/(t·a^–1)
1	Rhine	欧洲	2.25×10³	1.95×10⁷	1.95×10⁷
2	Ganges	亚洲	1.92×10³	1.07×10⁶	1.08×10⁶
3	Minjiang	亚洲	1.31×10³	6.81×10⁵	6.83×10⁵
4	Asa	亚洲	2.52×10³	5.04×10⁵	5.06×10⁵
5	Plankenburg	非洲	2.47×10²	4.65×10⁵	4.65×10⁵
6	Maracanã	南美洲	2.83×10³	2.78×10⁵	2.80×10⁵
7	Awano	亚洲	3.01×10³	2.74×10⁵	2.77×10⁵
8	Pasig	亚洲	4.48×10^–3	6.42×10⁴	6.42×10⁴
9	Meuse	欧洲	9.65×10²	4.01×10⁴	4.11×10⁴
10	Netravathi	亚洲	3.86×10²	2.88×10⁴	2.92×10⁴
11	Majime	亚洲	6.05×10	1.50×10⁴	1.51×10⁴
12	Thames	欧洲	3.83×10²	1.39×10⁴	1.43×10⁴
13	Po	欧洲	7.19×10	1.18×10⁴	1.19×10⁴
14	Chao Phraya	亚洲	8.07×10²	1.01×10⁴	1.09×10⁴
15	Guapimirm	南美洲	8.37×10	8.21×10³	8.30×10³
16	Rhone	欧洲	1.11×10	4.49×10³	4.50×10³
17	Seine	欧洲	5.12×10^–1	1.68×10³	1.68×10³
18	Ayaragi	亚洲	2.60	1.18×10³	1.18×10³
19	Haihe	亚洲	1.16×10	8.70×10²	8.81×10²
20	Dalalven	欧洲	1.84×10	6.71×10²	6.90×10²
21	Macacu	南美洲	5.02	4.93×10²	4.98×10²
22	Danube	欧洲	9.05×10	3.92×10²	4.82×10²
23	Yangtze	亚洲	9.50	4.66×10²	4.75×10²
24	Tet	欧洲	2.52×10^–1	1.11×10²	1.11×10²
25	29 rivers of Japan	亚洲	3.34	1.01×10²	1.05×10²
26	Garonne	欧洲	6.85×10^–1	2.48×10	2.55×10
27	Ofanto	欧洲	1.62×10^–1	6.89	7.05
28	Paraiba do Sul River	南美洲	2.87×10^–4	3.19	3.19
29	Patapsco	北美洲	1.35×10^–1	1.76	1.89
30	Tamar	欧洲	1.57×10^–2	1.86	1.88
31	Magothy	北美洲	9.08×10^–3	1.19×10^–1	1.28×10^–1
32	Rhode	北美洲	6.15×10^–4	2.28×10^–2	2.34×10^–2
33	Corsica	北美洲	5.45×10^–4	1.80×10^–2	1.86×10^–2

名称	常见添加塑料	添加比例
苯并三唑类	PE, PP, PS, PC, ABS, PET	0.10% ~ 1.00% ^{a b c}
UV-234	PC, PAT, PA, PS, PE, PVC	0.15% ~ 0.60%^c
UV-327	PE, PP, PS, PC, ABS, PET	0.20% ~ 0.50%^{a b}
UV-P	PE, PVC, PS, PP	0.50% ~ 1.00%^a
UV-326	PP, PE, PVC, ABS	0.10% ~ 0.50%^c
二苯甲酮类	PE, PP, PVC, ABS, PS	0.10% ~ 1.50%^{a b}
BP-3/UV-9	PE, PP, PVC, ABS, PS	0.10% ~ 0.50%^{a b}
BP-12/UV531	PE, PP, PS, PVC	0.50% ~ 1.50%^a
三嗪类	PVC, PE	0.10% ~ 0.30%^a
2、4、6-三(2'-羟基-4'-丁氧基苯基)-1、3、6-三嗪	PVC, PE	0.10% ~ 0.30%^a
水杨酸酯类	PET, PVC, PS, PU, PO	0.20% ~ 1.50%^{a b}
水杨酸苯酯(PS)	PET, PVC, PS, PU, PO	0.25% ~ 1.00% ^a
水杨酸-4-叔丁基苯酯(TBS)	PVC, PE, PU	0.20% ~ 1.50% ^b
取代丙烯腈类	PVC, PO, PA	0.10% ~ 0.50%^a

类别	名称	CAS	lg K_OW	原始条件	种类	迁移时长	迁移温度/℃	模拟浸出液	迁移量w/ (mg·kg^-1)	迁移比k/%
苯并三唑类	UV-326	3896-11-5	5.6	plastics: 50 × 50 × 4 mm³	PE	10 d	40	50% EtOH	0.53	5.30 × 10^–5
	UV-327	3864-99-1	7.4	plastics: 50 × 50 × 4 mm³	PE	10 d	40	50% EtOH	0.47	4.70 × 10^–5
	UV-328	25973-55-1	7.3	plastics: 50 × 50 × 4 mm³	PE	10 d	40	50% EtOH	1.01	1.01 × 10^–4
二苯甲酮类	BP-1/UV-0	131-56-6	3.2	纺织品: 1 g, 80 r/min	纺织品	90 min	25	water	17.42	1.74 × 10^–3
	BP-1/UV-0	131-56-6	3.2	plastics: 50 × 50 × 4 mm³	PE	10 d	40	50% EtOH	5.78	5.78 × 10^–4
	BP-3/UV-9	131-57-7	3.6	纺织品: 1 g, 80 r/min	纺织品	90 min	25	water	3.22	3.22 × 10^–4
	BP-12/UV-531	1843-05-6	6.8	纺织品: 1 g, 80 r/min	纺织品	90 min	25	water	0.66	6.60 × 10^–5
	BP-12/UV-531	1843-05-6	6.8	plastics: 50 × 50 × 4 mm³	PE	10 d	40	50% EtOH	3.96	3.96 × 10^–4
三嗪类	苯代三聚氰胺	91-76-9	1.4	plastics: 50 × 50 × 4 mm³	PE	10 d	40	50% EtOH	5.63	5.63 × 10^–4
三嗪类	苯代三聚氰胺	91-76-9	1.4	plastics: 50 × 50 × 4 mm³	PE	10 d	40	water	1.12	1.12 × 10^–4
水杨酸酯类	4-OPS	2512-56-3	7.9	plastics: 50 × 50 × 4 mm³	PE	10 d	40	50% EtOH	2.02	2.02 × 10^–4