The spatial and temporal distribution of petroleum pollution in the Taipu River was analyzed using a clustering methodology. The stationary source and mobile source of petroleum pollution were surveyed and monitored to determine their influence on the Taipu River. The results showed that the average over-limit rate of petroleum pollution was 62.96% among the 9 monitoring stations in the Taipu River. Luxu bridge (S4) and Jinze hydrometric station (S5) in the middle and lower Taipu River, respectively, were the primary stations with petroleum pollution. The peak level of petroleum pollution was observed during the dry period of the Taipu River. Petrol stations and wharves in the estuary of Fenhu Lake were the primary stationary source of petroleum pollution in the trunk stream of Taipu River. The mobile source of petroleum pollution from boats was primarily concentrated on the middle and lower Taipu River, and the number of transit boats had a significant positive correlation with the concentration of petroleum pollution. Based on the spatial and temporal distribution of petroleum pollution in the Taipu River, this article proposes guidelines for petroleum pollution prevention and policy implications.