盐城斗龙港入海口湿地生物多样性演变研究

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2026.03.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

滨海湿地在生态系统中占据重要地位, 然而诸如围塘养殖等人类开发活动会改变其景观格局并对生物多样性产生影响. 环境DNA技术能够有效重建过去的生物群落, 评估生物多样性的历史变化. 本研究在江苏盐城斗龙港入海口湿地获得一个柱状样, 通过分析沉积物环境DNA, 结合²¹⁰Pb定年和历史遥感影像, 深入探讨2008—2023年土地利用变化对湿地生物多样性的影响. ²¹⁰Pb定年和历史遥感数据显示柱状样的沉积记录包括天然湿地 (2008—2015年)、养殖塘 (2015—2019年) 和湿地修复 (2019—2023年) 3个阶段. 沉积物环境DNA显示, 天然湿地时期以陆生草本植物 (26.69%~37.90%) 和咸淡水混合生物群落为特征; 养殖塘阶段水生节肢动物 (如哲水蚤目) 和藻类占比激增, 反映出人工养殖系统导致的生态单一化; 湿地修复阶段硅藻门占比增至89.04%, 陆生草本植被逐步恢复, 显示生态系统的初期修复. α多样性指数进一步证实, 2015年成为养殖塘时物种多样性和均匀度降至最低, 之后逐渐恢复. Bray-Curtis相似性指数表明, 3个阶段的生物组成差异显著, 不过这种差异主要来自于硅藻占比的变化. 因此, 本研究表明, 生态修复工程使斗龙港入海口的湿地生物组成向天然湿地状态恢复, 但生态系统的恢复滞后于景观变化, 未来需结合长期监测以促进湿地生态完整修复. 本研究有助于深入理解沿海湿地生态系统在人类活动干扰下的动态变化过程, 为潮滩湿地的生态修复和管理提供科学依据.

关键词: 滨海湿地, 环境DNA, 土地利用, 生物多样性, 围垦, 生态修复

Abstract:

Coastal wetlands play an important role in the ecosystem. However, human activities such as pond aquaculture can alter their landscape patterns and biodiversity in the ecosystems. Environmental DNA (eDNA) technology can effectively reconstruct past biological communities and evaluate changes in biodiversity. In the present study, a sediment core was obtained from a wetland at the Doulonggang estuary in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province. By analyzing eDNA in the sediments and historical remote sensing images, in addition to performing ²¹⁰Pb dating, the present study comprehensively explored how land use change affected biodiversity in the 2008–2023 period. ²¹⁰Pb dating and historical remote sensing data showed that the sedimentary records included three phases of land use, including natural wetland (2008–2015), aquaculture ponds (2015–2019), and wetland restoration (2019–2023). eDNA in the sediments indicated that in the natural wetland phase, terrestrial herbaceous plants (26.69%~37.90%) and a brackish water community prevailed. In the aquaculture pond phase, the proportions of aquatic arthropods (such as Calanoida) and algae surged sharply, reflecting the ecological simplification caused by the artificial aquaculture system. In the wetland restoration phase, the proportion of diatoms (Bacillariophyta) increased to 89.04%, and the terrestrial herbs recovered gradually, indicating ecosystem restoration. The α-diversity index further confirmed that species diversity and evenness were the lowest when the area became an aquaculture pond in 2015 and then recovered gradually. The Bray-Curtis similarity index showed that there were significant differences in the biological composition among the three phases, with the main difference attributed to the proportion of diatoms. Therefore, this study shows that the ecological restoration project has enabled the wetland biological composition at the Doulonggang estuary to recover toward a natural wetland state. However, restoration of the ecosystem lags behind the landscape change, and long-term monitoring is necessary to promote the complete ecological restoration of the wetland. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the dynamic change process of coastal wetland ecosystems under the interference of human activities and provides a scientific basis for ecological restoration and management of tidal flat wetlands.

Key words: coastal wetland, environmental DNA, land use, biodiversity, reclamation, ecological restoration

中图分类号:

P941.78

温海霞, 胡青, 王张华, 马晓琳. 盐城斗龙港入海口湿地生物多样性演变研究[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2026, 2026(3): 134-147.

Haixia WEN, Qing HU, Zhanghua WANG, Xiaolin MA. Evolution of biodiversity in the Doulonggang estuary coastal wetland, Yancheng, China[J]. J* E* C* N* U* N* S*, 2026, 2026(3): 134-147.

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样品编号 (3个重复汇总)	原始测序通量 (reads)	质控后数据量 (reads)	去除人源序列后数据量 (reads)
0~10 cm	142 251 082	141 765 390	123 901 256
20~30 cm	149 629 618	149 052 114	141 131 252
40~50 cm	135 405 574	134 873 814	125 164 006
60~70 cm	139 971 224	136 411 896	129 984 496
80~90 cm	134 638 828	134 067 426	126 155 660
100~110 cm	138 414 680	137 817 074	130 227 604
120~130 cm	122 898 662	120 845 890	107 037 452
140~150 cm	131 705 044	131 287 486	113 948 362
160~170 cm	125 817 832	125 379 490	109 517 676
180~190 cm	127 411 928	126 922 724	113 297 860

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