福建三沙湾表层沉积物重金属分布对网箱养殖的响应

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2024.01.015

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近海养殖的快速发展对水环境的影响是生态环境科学研究的热点, 但是因重金属随盐度梯度变化产生复杂的保守性–非保守性行为, 导致定量评估水产养殖对沉积物重金属污染的影响一直是研究难点. 以全球最大的大黄鱼网箱养殖区域——福建三沙湾作为近海水产养殖的典型区域, 根据遥感影像提取的养殖数据, 结合33个表层沉积物的7种重金属含量与盐度的曲线, 定量分析养殖变化对沉积物重金属污染的影响. 结果发现, 近15年来, 三沙湾网箱养殖面积从9.1 km²增加到33.4 km², 每平方公里最大网箱养殖密度从3%增加到22%. 导致养殖区亲铜元素Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb平均含量分别比非养殖区增加了44%、11%、15%、17%, 盐度的回归线斜率分别减少了27%、35%、18%、2%; 同时养殖区亲铁元素Cr、Mn、Ni平均含量分别比非养殖区增加了16%、15%、29%. 潜在生态风险评价结果显示, Cd元素是三沙湾表层沉积物中环境污染的潜在元素, 三沙湾整体处于中等生态风险水平.

关键词: 三沙湾, 重金属, 沉积物, 近海养殖, 养殖密度

Abstract:

The impact of rapid development of coastal aquaculture on aquatic environments is an important topic in environmental science. Quantitative assessment of the impact of aquaculture on sediment heavy metal pollution has been challenging because of the complex conservative-nonconservative behavior of heavy metals in coastal brackish waters. In this study, Sansha Bay, Fujian Province, the world’s largest yellow croaker cage culture area, was used as a research area for offshore aquaculture. Using aquaculture data recorded by remote sensing images combined with the relationships between sedimentary heavy metals and salinity, this study sought to analyze the effects of aquaculture on sediment heavy metal pollution. The results showed that over the past 15 years, the area of cage culture in Sansha bay has increased from 9.1 km² to 33.4 km², and the maximum intensity of cage culture per square kilometer has increased from 3% to 22%. As a result, the average values of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb levels in the cuprophilic elements in the culture area increased by 44%, 11%, 15%, and 17%, respectively, compared to non-farmed areas, and the slope of the conservative regression line with an increase in salinity decreased by 27%, 35%, 18%, and 2%, respectively. The average values of the siderophile elements Cr, Mn, and Ni in the breeding area increased by 16%, 15%, and 29%, respectively, compared to those in non-farmed areas. The results of potential ecological risk evaluation showed that Cd is a potential environmental pollutant in the surface sediments of Sansha Bay, and Sansha Bay as a whole is at a medium ecological risk level.

Key words: Sansha Bay, heavy metals, sediments, offshore aquaculture, farming intensity

中图分类号:

P736.4+1

房易玄, 李茂田, 刘晓强, 宋艳, 林沐东, 姚慧锟. 福建三沙湾表层沉积物重金属分布对网箱养殖的响应[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2024, 2024(1): 144-156.

Yixuan FANG, Maotian LI, Xiaoqiang LIU, Yan SONG, Mudong LIN, Huikun YAO. Response of heavy metal distribution of surface sediments to aquaculture in Sansha Bay, Fujian[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science), 2024, 2024(1): 144-156.

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检测指标	检测标准	检测方法
Hg、As	GB17378.5—2007海洋监测规范第五部分: 沉积物分析	原子荧光法
Cr、Mn、Ni		等离子体发射光谱仪法
Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb		原子吸收分光光度法
粒度		激光粒度仪法
盐度	GB17378.4—2007海洋监测规范第四部分: 海水分析	温盐深仪法

遥感卫星	成像时间(年-月-日)	空间分辨率/m
Landsat7 ETM	2005-10-25	30
Landsat7 ETM	2010-10-31	30
Landsat8 OLI	2015-09-11	30
Sentinel-2	2020-10-26	10

${E}_{\text{r}}^{i}$ 分级标准	单个污染物生态危害程度	RI 分级标准	总潜在生态危害程度
${E}_{\text{r}}^{i} < 30$	轻微	$\text{RI} < 50$	轻微
$30 \leqslant {E}_{\text{r}}^{i} < 60$	中等	$50 \leqslant \text{RI} < 100$	中等
$60 \leqslant {E}_{\text{r}}^{i} < 120$	强	$100 \leqslant \text{RI} < 200$	强
$120 \leqslant {E}_{\text{r}}^{i} < 240$	很强	$\text{RI} \geqslant 200$	很强
${E}_{\text{r}}^{i} \geqslant 240$	极强

区域	重金属元素含量/(mg·kg^–1)							年份
区域	Cr	Mn	Ni	Cu	Zn	Cd	Pb	年份
三沙湾 (沉积物平均值)	55.4	1324.3	32.91	18.22	114.65	0.116	47.75	2020(本研究)
三沙湾 (沉积物最大值)	95.22	2125.1	43.78	32.7	146.96	0.227	68.4	2020(本研究)
三沙湾 (沉积物最小值)	37.79	686.6	17.53	7.88	92.12	0.068	33.29	2020(本研究)
福建省海岸带 (土壤)	40.7	507	17.4	22.4	83.6	0.060	39	1995(文献[33])
中国浅海 (沉积物)	60.0	530	24.0	15.0	65.0	0.065	20	1993(文献[39])

统计量	${E}_{\text{r}}^{i} $							RI
统计量	Cr	Mn	Ni	Cu	Zn	Cd	Pb	RI
最大值	4.65	4.19	12.58	8.89	1.63	113.61	8.77	154.32
最小值	1.84	1.35	5.04	1.79	0.88	26.52	4.27	41.69
平均值	2.76	2.51	9.65	4.65	1.36	55.27	6.02	82.22