Pollution effects of atmospheric deposition on heavy metals in leafy vegetables and its health risks

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2018.02.015

Abstract

Abstract: In order to study the pollution effects of heavy metals in atmospheric deposition on leafy vegetables and health risks via consuming vegetables, this research chooses a farmland near the suburban Shanghai as a study area, makes comparative analysis of heavy metal contents in vegetables samples, including Shanghai Green cabbage, leaf lettuce, amaranth and water spinach, both in outdoor and greenhouses, and makes the health risk assessment of the edible parts of vegetables using the target hazard quotient (THQ). The results show that the heavy metal contents of the vegetables in outdoor are higher than those in greenhouses. The average contents of Zn, Cr, Cu, Pb, Cd, Hg, and As in outdoor vegetables are 7.32, 0.91, 0.52, 0.007, 0.029, 0.002, and 0.014 mg·kg^-1, respectively; among which, the contents of Zn, Cr, Cu, Cd, and Hg are 26.4%, 28.4%, 83.3%, 33.9%, and 14% higher than those in greenhouses, respectively. The enrichment factors of greenhouse vegetables are higher than those of outdoor vegetables, showing that the heavy metals of outdoor vegetables are greatly influenced by atmospheric deposition. Different vegetables have different enrichment capacity of heavy metals. Amaranth has the strongest enrichment capacity for Zn, Hg, As and Cu; while water spinach has the most powerful enrichment capacity for Pb. TotalTarget Hazard Quotient (TTHQ)values ofvegetables in outdoor are between 1.41 to 2.99 with an average of 2.29; while those in greenhouses are between 1.10 to 2.19 with an average of 1.85, which is 23.4% lower than the outdoor values. There is a threat for the health of adult and children. The risk of consuming vegetables in outdoor is higher than that in greenhouses. Atmospheric deposition is one of the important sources of heavy metals in vegetables. Hence, we suggest to avoid outdoor cultivating vegetables in high risk areas with atmospheric pollution of heavy metals, thus reducing the impact of atmospheric deposition on enrichment of heavy metals in vegetables.

Key words: vegetables, atmospheric deposition, heavy metal pollution, health risk

CLC Number:

O157.5

ZHOU Xiao-xiao, BI Chun-juan, WANG Meng, ZHOU Ya, CHEN Zhen-lou. Pollution effects of atmospheric deposition on heavy metals in leafy vegetables and its health risks[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Sc, 2018, 2018(2): 141-150.

References

[1] 李英丽, 果秀敏, 方正, 等. 15种蔬菜营养成分评价[J]. 中国农学通报, 2007, 23(4):98-100.
[2] ZENG X B, LI L F, MEI X R. Heavy metal content in Chinese vegetable plantation land soils and related source analysis[J]. Agricultural Sciences in China,2008,7(9):1115-1126.
[3] MUCHUWETI M, BIRKETT J W, CHINYANGA E, et al. Heavy metal content of vegetables irrigated with mixtures of wastewater and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe:Implications for human health[J]. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 2006, 112(1):41-48.
[4] ROBA C, ROU C, PITEA I, et al. Heavy metal content in vegetables and fruits cultivated in Baia Mare mining area (Romania) and health risk assessment[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016, 23(7):6062-6073.
[5] GUO J H, LIU X J, ZHANG Y, et al. Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands[J]. Science, 2010, 327(5968):1008-1010.
[6] LI J C, HU X F, LI W Y, et al.Study on heavy metalpollution analysis and control in protected vegetable base soil[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2010, 26(18):393-396.
[7] WEI S U, LIU J S, FANG L. Assessment on health risk of heavy metals in the Second Songhua River[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2006, 25(6):1611-1615.
[8] WONG C S C, LI X D, ZHANG G, et al. Atmospheric deposition of heavy metals in the Pearl River Delta, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2003, 37(6):767-776.
[9] DERRY L A, CHADWICK O A. Contributions from earth's atmosphere to soil[J]. Elements, 2007, 3(5):333-338.
[10] JAMALI M K, KAZI T G, ARAIN M B, et al. A multivariate study:Variation in uptake of trace and toxic elements by various varieties of Sorghum bicolor, L[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2008, 158(2):644-651.
[11] ALAM M G, SNOW E T, TANAKA A. Arsenic and heavy metal contamination of vegetables grown in Samta village, Bangladesh[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2003, 308(1):83-96.
[12] 翟立群, 郑祥民, 周立旻, 等. 上海市交通主干道沿线大气颗粒物及其重金属含量分布特征[J]. 城市环境与城市生态, 2010(1):10-13.
[13] USEPA, 2015. Risk Based Screening Table. Composite Table:Summary Tab 0615.Accessible at. http:/www2.epa.gov/risk/risk based screening table generictables.
[14] BENNETT D, KASTENBERG W E, MCKONE T E. A multimedia, multiple pathway risk assessment of atrazine:the impact of age differentiated exposure including joint uncertainty and variability[J]. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 1999, 63(2):185-198.
[15] 张焕焕. 上海市郊大气重金属干沉降对土壤——叶菜系统的污染效应[D]. 上海:华东师范大学, 2015.
[16] 谢正苗, 李静, 徐建明, 等. 杭州市郊蔬菜基地土壤和蔬菜中Pb、Zn和Cu含量的环境质量评价[J]. 环境科学, 2006, 27(4):742-747.
[17] 程珂, 杨新萍, 赵方杰. 大气沉降及土壤扬尘对天津城郊蔬菜重金属含量的影响[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2015, 34(10):1837-1845.
[18] 刘超. 上海市郊大气湿沉降重金属对土壤——叶菜系统的污染效应研究[D].上海:华东师范大学, 2016.
[19] 郭广慧, 宋波. 城市土壤重金属含量及其对儿童健康风险的初步评价——以四川省宜宾市为例[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2010, 19(8):946-952.
[20] CAO S, DUAN X, ZHAO X, et al. Health risks from the exposure of children to As, Se, Pb and other heavy metals near the largest coking plant in China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 472(1):1001-1009.
[21] JOINT FAO/WHO EXPERT COMMITTEE ON FOOD ADDITIVES, ORGANIZATION W H. Evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants forty-first report of the joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives[R]. Geneva:World Health Organization, 1993.
[22] 刘德绍, 青长乐. 大气和土壤对蔬菜汞的贡献[J]. 应用生态学报, 2002, 13(3):315-318.
[23] 黄泽春, 宋波, 陈同斌, 等. 北京市菜地土壤和蔬菜的锌含量及其健康风险评估[J]. 地理研究, 2006, 25(3):439-448.
[24] 李非里, 刘丛强, 杨元根, 等. 覆膜对土壤-青菜体系Cu和Zn迁移特性的影响[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2009, 25(2):54-58.
[25] 郑娜, 王起超, 刘景双, 等. 葫芦岛市土壤、蔬菜重金属污染空间变化规律[J]. 环境科学, 2009, 30(7):2071-2076.
[26] 李忠义, 张超兰, 邓超冰, 等. 铅锌矿区农田土壤重金属有效态空间分布及其影响因子分析[J]. 生态环境学报, 2009, 18(5):1772-1776.
[27] LIAO B, LIU H, ZENG Q, et al. Complex toxic effects of Cd 2+, Zn 2+, and acid rain on growth of kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L)[J]. Environment International, 2005, 31(6):891-895.
[28] 许中坚, 邱喜阳, 冯涛, 等. 酸雨地区蔬菜对重金属的吸收及重金属健康风险基准的估算[J]. 水土保持学报, 2008, 22(4):179-184.