Factors influencing heavy metal pollution in open-pit coal mine dumps

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2025.02.011

Abstract

Abstract:

In this study, two open-pit coal mine dumps in Ordos City, Inner Mongolia, namely, Shigetai and Heidaigou, were selected as research subjects. Soil physicochemical properties, structure, heavy metal pollution (assessed using a single-factor evaluation index), and their interrelationships were analyzed at each dumping site along eight directions: east, west, south, north, northeast, northwest, southeast, and southwest. The aim of this study was to elucidate the factors influencing heavy metal contamination in open-pit coal mine dumps. The results of this study can guide the selection of ecological remediation measures for mining areas based on local conditions. The results showed that: (1) There were considerable differences in soil physicochemical properties, structure, and heavy metal contamination between the Shigetai and Heidaigou mining areas. (2) Soil total phosphorus varied considerably among the different orientations in Shigetai, whereas there was a considerable difference in soil total potassium among the different orientations in Heidaigou. (3) Heavy Cd pollution was observed, and there was slight Mn pollution in Shigetai. In Heidaigou, there was heavy Cd pollution and slight Cu and Ni pollution. (4) While there was a considerable difference in the level of Cd pollution along the different directions in Shigetai, the level of Mn pollution showed no correlation with direction. There was a considerable difference in Ni pollution levels among the different orientations in Heidaigou, whereas Cd and Cu pollution levels were not related to orientation. (5) The trends in the Cd pollution levels in Shigetai and Ni in Heidaigou along the different directions were generally consistent with the changes in their topography. In other words, areas with lower topography experienced more severe heavy metal pollution. (6) Correlation analysis revealed that the level of heavy metal contamination was strongly associated with soil pH, total K content, and the proportion of large-sized soil particles. In conclusion, varying levels of heavy metal pollution were observed in the different mining dumps. Significant correlations were observed between three soil environmental factors, namely, the topography of the dump, soil fertility, soil structure, and the level of soil heavy metal pollution.

Key words: mining dump, soil physicochemical properties, soil structure, soil heavy metal pollution

CLC Number:

Hai NIU, Yupeng HUA, Lijie MA, Shuo ZHANG, Ruiyang GUAN, Min SHENG, Wenyan DUAN. Factors influencing heavy metal pollution in open-pit coal mine dumps[J]. J* E* C* N* U* N* S*, 2025, 2025(2): 106-120.

Figures/Tables 17

Fig.1

Table 1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

Fig.5

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

Fig.9

Fig.10

Table 2

Table 3

Fig.11

Fig.12

Fig.13

Fig.14

References 46

1	魏忠义, 白中科.. 露天矿大型排土场水蚀控制的径流分散概念及其分散措施. 煤炭学报, 2003, 28 (5): 486- 490.
2	李叶鑫, 吕刚, 王道涵, 等.. 排土场土体裂缝特征对土壤物理性质的影响. 干旱地区农业研究, 2022, 40 (4): 214- 222.
3	王书青, 邓锟.. 内蒙古煤矿矿山环境恢复治理遥感监测. 地理空间信息, 2022, 20 (9): 50- 52.
4	陈光平, 魏焕奇.. 煤矿井工开采导致的环境污染问题与治理分析. 清洗世界, 2022, 38 (8): 146- 148.
5	范英宏, 陆兆华, 程建龙, 等.. 中国煤矿区主要生态环境问题及生态重建技术. 生态学报, 2003, 23 (10): 2144- 2152.
6	陈邦松, 吕一彦, 施佳会, 等.. 长期污灌农田土壤重金属污染及潜在环境风险研究. 建材与装饰, 2020, (20): 206.
7	尹丽丽.. 工业场地重金属污染土壤治理现状与展望. 资源与环境科学进展, 2022, 1 (2): 26- 29.
8	曹勤英, 黄志宏.. 污染土壤重金属形态分析及其影响因素研究进展. 生态科学, 2017, 36 (6): 222- 232.
9	刘属灵, 吴梅, 刘志远, 等.. 四川盆地典型农耕区土壤重金属含量、污染及其影响因素. 环境科学, 2023, 44 (1): 347- 355.
10	张汉波, 段昌群, 胡斌, 等.. 不同年代废弃的铅锌矿渣堆中重金属的动态变化. 农业环境科学学报, 2003, 22 (1): 67- 69.
11	韩张雄, 万的军, 胡建平, 等.. 土壤中重金属元素的迁移转化规律及其影响因素. 矿产综合利用, 2017, (6): 5- 9.
12	王贵, 张庆辉, 段丽丽.. 典型露天煤矿区土壤重金属潜在生态危险性评价——以黑岱沟露天煤矿为例. 阴山学刊(自然科学版), 2014, 28 (4): 11- 13.
13	高桂梅, 松丽涛, 曹坤, 等.. 黑岱沟露天矿6号煤层煤中微量元素赋存特征. 煤炭转化, 2023, 46 (1): 10- 18.
14	郑海峰.. 黑岱沟露天煤矿土地复垦与生态恢复技术与实践. 露天采矿技术, 2012, 27 (5): 80- 83.
15	刘志斌, 陈建平, 范军富.. 黑岱沟露天煤矿土地复垦中的几个关键问题. 辽宁工程技术大学学报, 2003, 22 (S1): 43- 45.
16	常鑫, 刘树新.. 基于露天边坡力学参数的位移反分析研究. 中国煤炭, 2018, 44 (12): 36- 40.
17	贾锐鱼, 刘晓, 赵晓光, 等.. 神府矿区生态系统健康水平评价. 煤田地质与勘探, 2011, 39 (5): 46- 51.
18	张薇.. 神东矿区排矸场治理技术研究与应用. 内蒙古煤炭经济, 2022, (10): 150- 152.
19	杨思敏, 李井峰, 白璐.. 神东矿区典型矿井水中氟的分布特征及形成机制. 煤炭科学技术, 2023, 51 (6): 246- 256.
20	祁刚.. 石圪台煤矿22上201掘进工作面巷道支护技术研究. 内蒙古煤炭经济, 2019, (24): 31- 32.
21	鲍士旦. 土壤农化分析 [M]. 3版. 北京: 中国农业出版社, 2000.
22	鲁如坤. 土壤农业化学分析方法 [M]. 北京: 中国农业科学技术出版社, 2000.
23	徐文娴, 李金秋, 孟磊, 等.. 葛藤覆盖对幼龄橡胶园表层土壤理化性状和酶活性的影响. 植物营养与肥料学报, 2020, 26 (9): 1740- 1748.
24	SOCHAN A, BIEGANOWSKI A, RYŻAK M, et al.. Comparison of soil texture determined by two dispersion units of mastersizer 2000. International Agrophysics, 2012, 26 (1): 99- 102.
25	中华人民共和国环境保护部. 土壤和沉积物 12种金属元素的测定王水提取–电感耦合等离子体质谱法: HJ 803—2016 [S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2016.
26	中国环境监测总站. 中国土壤元素背景值 [M]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 1990.
27	何建国, 王新富, 马荣, 等.. 皖北煤矿区农田土壤–小麦中重金属分布特征及健康风险评价. 中国煤炭, 2021, 47 (4): 81- 88.
28	THE R DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM. R: A language and environment for statistical computing, R package [EB/OL]. (2020-04-22)[2023-04-03]. https://www.R-project.org/.
29	DE MENDIBURU F. Agricolae: Statistical procedures for agricultural researc, R package [EB/OL]. (2020-06-07)[2023-04-25]. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/agricolae/index.html.
30	OKSANEN J, BLANCHET F G, FRIENDLY M, et al. Vegan: Community ecology package, R package [EB/OL]. (2021-08-02)[2023-04-10]. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/vegan/index.html.
31	刘英, 魏嘉莉, 岳辉, 等. 神东矿区土壤侵蚀时空特征及驱动力分析 [J]. 测绘科学, 2022, 47(1): 142-153.
32	LACKÓOVÁ L, POKRÝVKOVÁ J, KOZLOVSKY DUFKOVÁ J, et al. Long-term impact of wind erosion on the particle size distribution of soils in the eastern part of the European Union [J]. Entropy, 2021, 23(8): 935.
33	史鸿晋, 彭同江, 孙红娟, 等. 模拟降雨对铀尾矿中U、Sr、Mn、Fe释放规律的影响 [J]. 环境化学, 2016, 35(6): 1253-1260.
34	王照宜, 潘伟斌, 陈捷, 等. Cr、Ni、Cu和Cd在珠三角某区域工业污染场地包气带和潜水层中的迁移规律 [J]. 环境工程学报, 2016, 10(12): 7326-7332.
35	上官宇先, 秦晓鹏, 赵冬安, 等. 利用大型土柱自然淋溶条件下研究土壤重金属的迁移及形态转化 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2015, 28(7): 1015-1024.
36	郑国璋. 关中娄土剖面中重金属元素的垂直分布规律研究 [J]. 地球学报, 2008, 29(1): 109-115.
37	杨宇, 郭婷婷, 刘孝利, 等. 南方典型矿区农业小流域耕地土壤重金属空间分布特征及污染评价 [J]. 环境科学, 2023, 44(3): 1602-1610.
38	DING Q, CHENG G, WANG Y, et al. Effects of natural factors on the spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils surrounding mining regions [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 578: 577-585.
39	徐柯凡, 郑培铭, 姚燕红. 重金属Cd污染土壤的植物修复研究 [J]. 皮革制作与环保科技, 2022, 3(11): 121-123.
40	顾继光, 周启星. 镉污染土壤的治理及植物修复 [J]. 生态科学, 2002, 21(4): 352-356.
41	刘玥, 韩雪峰, 牛宏, 等. 神府矿区煤矸石周边土壤重金属污染评价 [J]. 辽宁工程技术大学学报(自然科学版), 2015, 34(9): 1021-1025.
42	赫晓云. 宝鸡某冶炼厂和尾矿库土壤重金属污染与植物富集特征 [J]. 资源环境与工程, 2022, 36(4): 447-452.
43	王祖伟, 李宗梅, 王景刚, 等. 天津污灌区土壤重金属含量与理化性质对小麦吸收重金属的影响 [J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2007, 26(4): 1406-1410.
44	何腾兵, 董玲玲, 刘元生, 等. 贵阳市乌当区不同母质发育的土壤理化性质和重金属含量差异研究 [J]. 水土保持学报, 2006, 20(6): 157-162.
45	ZHANG M K, KE Z X. Copper and zinc enrichment in different size fractions of organic matter from polluted soils [J]. Pedosphere, 2004, 14(1): 27-36.
46	刘文政, 贾亚琪, 殷忠. 贵阳污灌区菜地土壤团聚体中有机碳和重金属的含量特征及相关性分析 [J]. 中国无机分析化学, 2021, 11(5): 36-43.

重金属	Zn	Cr	Cd	Pd	Mn	Ni	Cu	Fe
土壤背景/(mg·kg^–1)	48.6	36.5	0.04	15	446	17.3	12.9	21.2

方位	采样点	单因子污染评价指数
方位	采样点	Fe	Cr	Cu	Ni	Mn	Zn	Cd	Pd
WN	H_A1	1.20	0.0010	1.022	1.270	0.97	0.66	13.13	0.37
WN	H_A2	0.58	0.0008	1.062	1.267	0.99	0.79	11.85	0.33
WN	H_A3	0.68	0.0009	1.081	1.283	0.94	0.76	44.90	0.35
WS	H_B1	0.78	0.0013	1.111	1.318	0.99	1.01	49.27	0.32
WS	H_B2	0.54	0.0011	1.108	1.377	1.03	0.82	10.27	0.37
WS	H_B3	0.49	0.0011	0.921	1.202	0.86	0.65	10.54	0.36
S	H_C1	0.97	0.0011	1.078	1.237	0.98	0.75	11.03	0.33
S	H_C2	0.89	0.0013	1.142	1.285	1.03	0.79	10.68	0.34
S	H_C3	0.67	0.0010	1.046	1.162	0.99	0.74	83.01	0.34
ES	H_D1	0.69	0.0012	1.085	1.133	0.93	0.92	13.59	0.36
ES	H_D2	0.57	0.0010	1.025	1.163	0.94	2.73	16.15	0.31
ES	H_D3	0.69	0.0014	1.060	1.281	0.98	0.72	39.60	0.41
E	H_E1	0.65	0.0010	0.989	1.200	0.97	0.76	12.48	0.37
E	H_E2	0.61	0.0010	1.060	1.437	1.01	0.99	15.06	0.38
E	H_E3	0.69	0.0010	1.023	1.271	1.00	0.77	113.79	0.33
W	H_F1	0.73	0.0015	1.187	1.507	1.07	0.82	9.66	0.32
W	H_F2	0.67	0.0011	1.062	1.408	0.93	0.82	11.67	0.31
W	H_F3	0.63	0.0010	1.116	1.496	1.04	0.83	12.70	0.38
EN	H_G1	0.55	0.0010	0.785	1.132	0.75	0.79	8.19	0.43
EN	H_G2	0.59	0.0012	0.994	1.140	0.88	0.82	11.34	0.43
EN	H_G3	0.52	0.0013	0.963	1.289	0.88	0.77	11.40	0.40
N	H_H1	0.46	0.0012	1.004	1.344	0.95	0.75	12.18	0.38
N	H_H2	0.57	0.0010	1.033	1.156	0.88	0.85	13.56	0.36
N	H_H3	0.53	0.0011	1.027	1.223	0.88	0.86	6.375	0.00

方位	采样点	单因子污染评价指数
方位	采样点	Fe	Cr	Cu	Ni	Mn	Zn	Cd	Pd
W	S_A1	0.48	0.6406	0.766	0.921	1.30	0.65	13.44	0.26
W	S_A2	0.54	0.6400	0.670	0.925	0.94	0.48	13.12	0.24
W	S_A3	0.41	1.1174	0.617	0.767	1.01	0.43	14.60	0.24
WN	S_B1	0.60	1.2033	0.770	0.717	0.83	0.53	98.82	0.26
WN	S_B2	0.58	0.8198	0.854	0.937	0.88	0.67	13.10	0.25
WN	S_B3	0.50	0.5420	0.572	0.581	0.97	0.36	30.75	0.24
WS	S_C1	0.29	0.3037	0.635	0.987	1.29	0.62	13.37	0.29
WS	S_C2	0.35	0.5883	0.669	0.924	1.14	0.55	12.58	0.24
WS	S_C3	0.40	0.6010	0.660	0.947	1.37	0.76	14.82	0.25
S	S_D1	0.48	0.7831	0.578	0.897	1.14	0.59	13.63	0.26
S	S_D2	0.48	0.7182	0.672	1.002	1.22	1.18	42.62	0.27
S	S_D3	0.61	0.6651	0.673	0.930	1.06	0.68	14.59	0.25
ES	S_E1	0.55	0.7324	0.581	0.721	0.86	0.48	13.33	0.26
ES	S_E2	0.39	0.7541	0.820	0.987	1.11	0.91	14.89	0.27
ES	S_E3	0.42	0.6757	0.631	0.941	1.27	0.61	13.82	0.30
E	S_F1	0.56	0.7970	0.649	0.897	0.99	0.58	14.05	0.28
E	S_F2	0.60	0.8699	0.681	0.752	0.99	0.50	13.96	0.32
E	S_F3	0.61	0.6769	0.635	0.967	1.43	0.71	15.86	0.35
EN	S_G1	0.59	0.6403	0.736	0.979	0.89	0.63	40.25	0.33
EN	S_G2	0.63	0.9283	0.512	0.664	0.96	0.41	13.36	0.33
EN	S_G3	0.49	1.6241	0.466	0.605	0.99	0.44	21.68	0.29
N	S_H1	0.35	0.7008	0.601	0.814	0.98	0.51	194.69	0.30
N	S_H2	0.38	0.6357	0.608	0.906	1.02	0.59	80.36	0.26
N	S_H3	0.38	0.5095	0.608	0.809	0.88	0.60	137.53	0.31