Large language models and multi-agent systems empowering new-type power systems

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2026.05.015

Abstract

Abstract:

Against the backdrop of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals and the high penetration of renewable energy, new-type power systems face challenges including uncertainty, multi-actor coordination, data silos, and security and trustworthiness. This review organizes the literature into three enabling layers: foundation models and multimodal representation; retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) and knowledge graphs (KGs); and multi-agent collaboration with embodied intelligence. It further discusses the role of world models in the preview and prediction of physical operational consequences. Across four domains—markets and trading; dispatch operation and maintenance; secure operation and situational awareness; and energy storage and energy-use management, this paper summarizes the applicable tasks, constraint injection and engineering boundaries. LLMs are most credible as high-capability assistants or bounded execution components coupled with evidence retrieval, physical solvers, digital twins and human oversight, rather than unconstrained autonomous controllers. Progress will depend on a closed loop linking trusted evidence, physical consequence assessment and accountable responsibility boundaries.

Key words: large language model (LLM), foundation model, multi-agent system, new power system

CLC Number:

TM73
TP18

Kunhua JI, Haoyang JIN, Wenhui LIU, Dingjiang HUANG. Large language models and multi-agent systems empowering new-type power systems[J]. J* E* C* N* U* N* S*, 2026, 2026(5): 178-195.

Figures/Tables 8

Fig.1

Fig.2

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Table 1

Representative studies on LLM- and multi-agent-enabled technologies (methodology layer) for new-type power systems"

分类定位	技术路线	基座/架构	数据/算例	核心贡献与局限	参考文献	发表年份
综述与基准评测	行业应用与挑战系统梳理	—	— (综述)	凝练高风险/合规/责任三大挑战; 偏定性	[7]	2025
	预测技术 LLM 综述	—	— (综述)	归纳 LLM 预测4类技术路线; 聚焦预测	[8]	2025
	通用人工智能展望	通用 LLM	— (综述)	国内奠基性框架与应用图景; 早期、案例少	[4]	2024
	系统性综述与展望	多种 LLM	— (综述)	覆盖电力系统多场景 LLM 应用并提出未来方向; 侧重全景性梳理	[5]	2026
	可再生能源系统 LLM 综述	多种 LLM	— (综述)	覆盖预测/控制/政策/故障诊断; 偏可再生侧	[6]	2026
基础模型、领域适配与多模态表征	微调 LLM 评估新能源消纳	LLM	消纳算例	LLM 用于消纳能力评估; 数据未充分公开	[13]	2025
	联邦学习与基础模型协同	基础模型	— (框架/展望)	联邦 FM–电网协同架构; 偏框架	[14]	2026
	自监督预训练时序 FM	自研 PowerPM	大规模电力时序	代表性电力时序 FM; 算力门槛高	[15]	2024
	时序 FM 的 PEFT	时序 FM	EV 充电负荷	低成本适配 FM; 任务单一	[11]	2026
	闭环路由稀疏 MoE 时序 FM	时序 FM (MoE)	建筑短期负荷	MoE 提升效率与精度; 面向建筑	[16]	2026
	多模态 LLM 可解释框架	多模态 LLM	并网 EV 算例	安全与可解释多模态框架	[18]	2025
检索增强生成与知识图谱融合	基于 RAGFlow 的设备问答	LLM	设备文档	工程化 RAG 问答; 评测规模小	[22]	2025
	层次图增强 RAG	LLM	电力长文档	HG-RAG 提升长文档检索; 数据私有	[20]	2026
	KG 锚定 RAG 与主题建模	LLM	专业文档	KG 锚定降幻觉; 依赖 KG 质量	[21]	2026
	KG与LLM融合综述	—	— (综述)	KG×LLM 关键技术综述; 定性为主	[23]	2025
	LLM 与 KG 推理生成报告	LLM	监测数据	自动生成监测报告; 模板依赖	[26]	2025
	思维链与 KG 调度推理	LLM	调度算例	增强调度推理可解释; 会议短文	[24]	2025
	时序 KG 与时空推理	图模型+LLM	故障算例	时序 KG 故障诊断; 构建成本高	[25]	2026
多智能体协同与具身智能	LLM智能体工作流	通用 LLM	建筑能耗模型	代表性智能体工作流范例; 应用域为建筑	[38]	2025
	LLM 多智能体异常检测	LLM	电网真实数据	真实电网多智能体异常检测	[29]	2025
	LLM Text-to-SQL 智能体	LLM	调度数据库	可靠调度数据查询; 限查询类任务	[27]	2025
	LLM+MARL 与专家工作流	LLM+MARL	P2P 交易算例	实时 P2P 交易、稳定训练; 仿真为主	[30]	2026
	自主能源系统参考架构	—	— (架构/议程)	智能体参考架构与研究议程; 偏概念	[33]	2026
	攻防博弈智能体	LLM	CPPS 算例	LLM 智能体攻防博弈; 安全评估初步	[32]	2026
	LLM 嵌入式 MARL 低碳调度	LLM+MARL	IES 算例	提升低碳调度; 可解释有限	[31]	2026
跨层预演机制 (电力世界模型)	Dyna学习–规划–反应架构	基于模型的强化学习	标准RL任务	奠定模型学习与规划集成范式; 非电力专用	[39]	1991
	基于模型的强化学习综述	动力学模型+规划	— (综述)	系统归纳模型学习与规划集成; 为世界模型提供方法背景	[40]	2023
	循环世界模型	VAE+RNN+ 控制器	通用控制环境	学习压缩状态转移并支持策略演化; 非电力场景	[41]	2018
	潜空间动态规划	PlaNet	连续控制任务	在潜空间中学习动态并Rollout规划; 非电力场景	[42]	2019
	配电网数字孪生	云端数字孪生	配电网	提供电力侧仿真与镜像基础; 不等同于可学习世界模型	[44]	2024
	数字孪生耦合世界模型	感知—规划— 统一校核	需求侧资源/ 储能调度算例	贯通仿真、感知、决策与校核; 证据仍为受控场景	[43]	2026

Table 1

Fig.4

Fig.5

Table 2

Comparison of representative studies on typical applications (application layer) empowered by large language models and multi-agent systems for new-type power systems"

典型应用	技术路线	基座/架构	数据/算例	核心贡献与局限	参考文献	发表年份
市场与交易	微调 LLM 多能负荷预测	自研 EnergyGPT	多能负荷	多能负荷统一预测; 数据部分公开	[45]	2025
	时序嵌入与 LLM	BERT	ENTSO-E	短期负荷预测融合时序嵌入; 模型偏轻	[46]	2025
	提示微调 (零样本)	LLM	风电场数据	数据缺失下零样本风电预测; 极端工况待验	[47]	2026
	信息物理社会系统增强	LLM	负荷算例	引入社会信息增强负荷预测	[49]	2026
	LLM 辅助 P2P 交易	LLM	P2P 算例	辅助撮合与决策; 机制设计初步	[51]	2026
	VPP 极端场景综述	—	— (综述)	提出电力大模型增强场景生成; 展望为主	[55]	2026
	RAG/LLM和随机优化	RAG-VPP	ERCOT 风格七日压力测试 (含合成告警)	文本风险转为有界参数后进入优化; 尚未现场验证	[54]	2026
	自适应 MARL	MARL (非 LLM)	多能建筑	代表性 VPP 资源管理; 非 LLM 基线	[52]	2024
	单注意力 LLM	LLM (单注意力)	多区域市场数据	多区域高效预测; 机理较弱	[50]	2026
调度运行与运维	微调 LLM 与工具 (多任务)	Llama2	调度算例	代表性先进电力调度研究; 闭环控制有限	[56]	2025
调度运行与运维	LLM 文本分类	BERT	DER 用例	DER 部分跳闸判定; 任务窄	[58]	2025
调度运行与运维	LLM 自动优化建模	LLM	配网算例	主动配网调度自动建模; 求解器耦合	[57]	2026
	LLM 增强 DRL 低碳调度	LLM+DRL	电氢 IES	电氢 IES 低碳调度; 样本效率待优	[59]	2026
	上下文学习增强 LLM	LLM	配网算例	鲁棒配网状态估计; 量测缺失敏感	[60]	2026
	LLM 设备健康诊断	LLM	设备数据	设备健康关键技术; 会议综述性	[61]	2026
	视觉–语言模型 (VLM)	LLaVA	输电巡检图像	输电巡检 VLM 代表作; 场景受限	[17]	2024
	工具增强 LLM	LLM	自生成电网模型	电网模型生成; 正确性需人工校验	[37]	2025
	LLM 多智能体任务与运动规划	LLM	巡检机器人	巡检机器人 TAMP 框架	[35]	2026
安全运行	LLM 安全态势框架	LLM	真实运行数据	GridSense 态势感知框架; 落地初步	[62]	2025
	生成式 LLM 态势与决策	LLM	运行场景	态势感知与决策支持; 可信待证	[63]	2026
	LLM 检测继电保护攻击	LLM	继电保护	面向保护继电器攻击检测; 数据私有	[64]	2026
储能与用能管理	建筑能源 LLM 机遇综述	—	— (综述)	代表性建筑能源 LLM 综述; 定性	[65]	2025
	LLM 辅助安全 RL	LLM	真实配网数据	RL2 安全 RL 配网能量管理; 代表性案例	[66]	2025
	LLM 自然语言 HEMS 接口	LLM	HEMS	自然语言家庭能源管理; 规模小	[67]	2025
	LLM 辅助规划 (真实案例)	LLM	真实案例	EV 充电设施规划真实案例; 可复用性待证	[68]	2025
	分层 MARL (平衡市场)	MARL	EV-VPP	EV 虚拟电厂平衡市场控制; 非 LLM	[53]	2026

Table 2

Table 3

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挑战	核心瓶颈	展望	主要抓手
数据质量、隐私与安全	多源异构、跨主体共享难、数据与接口攻击面	可信数据基础设施	联邦协同、脱敏规程库、数据红队
数值精度与物理规律融合	约束无保证, LLM 自动建模与最优潮流 (OPF) 求解的衔接差距	机理嵌入与世界模型	原生大模型、数字孪生Rollout、求解器分工
幻觉、可解释性与可信度	术语正确但无据、跨任务可信难比	全生命周期可信闭环	RAG+KG、红队评测、人在回路
算力、能耗与边缘部署	云边算力矛盾、算电协同约束	算电协同分层部署	量化/PEFT、大小模型协同、降级策略
评测基准与标准化	单点基准、数据孤岛、披露缺失	跨任务评测与标准化	分层基准、披露模板、联盟数据集
智能体协同与人机责任边界	协同失效、责任边界不清	多智能体协议与人在回路机制	跨域协议、人在回路、审批留痕、源网荷储协同

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[2]	Zhi XU, Jun CHEN, Zhiyong ZHANG, Junling WAN, Peisen YUAN. Network security assessment based on hidden Markov and artificial immunization in new power systems [J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science), 2023, 2023(5): 182-192.