Design and prospects of scalable blockchain architecture

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2026.05.003

Abstract

Abstract:

Blockchain is a key technology for building trust infrastructure based on data and mathematics. With ever-deeper applications in economy, livelihood, and other fields, the number of users has expanded rapidly, and task logic has become increasingly complex. How to enhance the scalability of blockchain systems thus becomes critical. Traditional distributed database systems only need to handle fail-stop faults, whereas blockchain systems must tolerate Byzantine faults, which results in significantly lower execution performance. System architecture is critical for blockchain performance, and architectural innovation is particularly important for scalability. This paper reviews the impact of architectural evolution on blockchain scalability, conducts an in-depth analysis of trust relationships among nodes, and proposes a hierarchical hybrid sharding architecture that organizes and manages shards in a layered manner, significantly enhancing system scalability. Further improvements in blockchain scalability include trust mechanism design, modular design, hardware and software co-design, on-chain and off-chain coordination, and deep integration with artificial intelligence.

Key words: blockchain, scalability, architecture

CLC Number:

TP315

Cheqing JIN, Qian ZHOU, Zhao ZHANG, Yanqin YANG. Design and prospects of scalable blockchain architecture[J]. J* E* C* N* U* N* S*, 2026, 2026(5): 26-41.

Figures/Tables 8

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扩容技术路线	核心作用层级	性能提升幅度	核心技术瓶颈 / 安全风险
网络与存储优化	底层基础设施/主链	较小 (与硬件性能相关)	受限于物理网络带宽与单节点硬件上限
共识机制创新	主链	中等 (优化共识延时)	难以突破“不可能三角”, 性能提升需与安全性/去中心化程度做权衡
扁平化分片	主链 (架构重构)	较大 (横向扩展)	跨片交易协调开销高、重分片状态迁移代价大
DAG 架构	主链 (拓扑重构)	极大 (并发执行)	高并发下, 如何实现全局共识、确保系统安全性与去中心化
状态通道	二层网络	极高 (仅限特定通道内)	资金占用率高、通道流通性及路由问题、参与者离线风险; 通用复杂合约能力有限
Rollup (ZK/Op)	二层网络	极大 (计算与数据压缩)	依然存在对底层主链数据可用性的深度依赖

序号	观察	思路	方法
1	能否利用处理器芯片的多核特性？	发掘多核并发能力, 单节点交易并发验证	[45]
2	是否处理完一个区块后才可处理下一区块？	结合流水线方法并行处理	[46]
3	批量交易处理可否加速？	引入确定性并发机制	[47]
4	是否可以结合共识协议进行优化？	结合无主共识协议, 优化执行效率	[48]

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