Occurrence characteristics and healthy risk assessment of hexabromocyclododecane in agricultural soils in Shanghai

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2024.06.015

Abstract

Abstract:

The spatial distribution characteristics and potential health risks of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in 34 farmland soils in Shanghai were investigated using the variance analysis and hazard quotient (HQ) methods. Three HBCD homologs (α-, β- and γ-HBCD) were detected in all samples. The total concentration of HBCD (∑HBCDs) ranged from 0.30 to 25.4 ng/g, with an average value of 1.78 ng/g. The ∑HBCDs in agricultural soils exhibited significant spatial variation, of which Baoshan District and Jiading District had notably higher average ∑HBCDs compared to other areas (p < 0.05). It was concluded that HBCDs mainly originated from the combined influence of industrial and vehicular emissions. The proportions of α-, β- and γ-HBCD in Shanghai agricultural soils were 2.90% ~ 73.4%, 5.23% ~ 63.8%, and 6.95% ~ 85.5%, respectively. The proportion of γ-HBCD was lower in 91.2% of the sampling sites than in commercial products, indicating the presence of isomeric interconversion. Daily exposure to ∑HBCDs, combining oral and dermal ingestion, ranged from 3.17 × 10^–4 to 1.57 × 10^–1 ng/(kg·d), peaking in infants. Oral ingestion contributed more to daily exposure than dermal contact across age groups. The HQs indicated that the current HBCD concentrations posed a minimal risk to all populations.

Key words: agricultural soils, hexabromocyclododecane, spatial distribution, healthy risk assessment

CLC Number:

X830

Jing YANG, Yan WU, Yue LI, Xia LIU, Dingye YANG, Yuanyuan CHEN, Ruihe JIN, Ye LI, Min LIU. Occurrence characteristics and healthy risk assessment of hexabromocyclododecane in agricultural soils in Shanghai[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science), 2024, 2024(6): 178-187.

Figures/Tables 7

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区域	采样点描述	采样年份	样品数	检出率/%	浓度范围/(ng/g)	平均值/(ng/g)	参考文献
上海全域	郊区农田土壤	2017	34	100	0.30 ~ 25.41	1.78	本研究
宝山			3	100	2.10 ~ 25.41	11.56
奉贤			5	100	0.45 ~ 1.06	0.65
嘉定			2	100	0.93 ~ 5.69	3.31
金山			6	100	0.31 ~ 1.17	0.58
闵行			2	100	0.49 ~ 0.64	0.56
浦东			5	100	0.30 ~ 1.19	0.71
青浦			6	100	0.44 ~ 2.27	0.88
松江			5	100	0.42 ~ 0.63	0.54
上海嘉定	居住、农业混合区土壤	2012	7	100	0.30 ~ 8.28	1.87	[5]
北京	城市边缘农田土壤	2010	12	100	0.17 ~ 34.52	2.97	[9]
广东全域	农耕土壤	2014	360	98	ND ~ 4.64	0.68	[10]
山东寿光	HBCD生产厂周边农田土壤	2015	2	100	38.53 ~ 232.72		[6]
河北定州	塑料废物回收厂周边农田土壤	2014	8	100	5.86 ~ 55.52		[7]
浙江宁波	农田土壤	2012	26	97	ND ~ 47.43	7.75	[14]
上海崇明	郊区农田土壤	2009	9		ND ~ 0.03	0.02	[15]

人群	摄入率/ (mg/d)	暴露频率/ (d/a)	暴露持续时间/a	平均体重/ kg	平均暴露时间/d	吸收率	接触土壤的表面积/cm²	土壤附着因子/ (mg/(cm²·d))	经口参考剂量/ (ng/(kg·d))
婴儿	30	350	1	5	1 × 365	0.03	801	0.096	200
幼儿	50	350	3	19	3 × 365	0.03	2564	0.096	200
儿童	50	350	7	29	7 × 365	0.03	3067	0.096	200
青少年	50	350	8	53	8 × 365	0.03	3692	0.096	200
成人	100	225	25	63	25 × 365	0.03	3300	0.096	200
参考文献	[20−21]	[20]	[20−21]	[22]	[20−21]	[23]	[20,22]	[22]	[24]
参数表示	IGR, 记为R_ingestion	EF, 记为F	ED, 记为D	BW, 记为W	AT, 记为T	ABS, 记为C_ABS	SA, 记为A	AF, 记为C_AF	RfD, 记为D_Rf

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