Water quality evaluation and spatial-temporal variation characteristics of the Taihu Lake Basin based on PCA and CCME-WQI

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2025.02.003

Abstract

Abstract:

Considering the advantage of the Canadian council of ministers of the environment water quality index (CCME-WQI), this study evaluated the rivers and lakes water quality in the Taihu Lake Basin from 2013 to 2017. This study aimed to devise an efficient approach for water quality assessment, providing a scientific and straightforward management tool for watershed agencies in China. Results showed that BOD₅, COD_Cr, COD_Mn, and phosphorus were widespread and persistent pollution sources within the Taihu Lake Basin during the study period. Additionally, ammonia-nitrogen nutrients emerged as a potentially contributorto pollution, while heavy metals were identified as episodic pollutants. Based on the CCME-WQI scoring system, indicated “moderate” water quality for the basin. Spatial heterogeneity was observed in water quality, with “good” water quality around the South River systems and the Camps Creek. Temporal variation of water qualitywas also observed, the CCME-WQI values increases continuously over the study period. Seasonally, the highest CCME-WQI values was observed in autumn, followed by summer and winter, with the spring lowest. This study accurately evaluated the water quality of the Taihu Lake Basin using CCME-WQI method, providing a suitable and reliable tool for water quality evaluation in China.

Key words: water quality index, CCME-WQI, Taihu Lake Basin, spatial and temporal distribution

CLC Number:

Yaoyi LIU, Lingge ZHAI, Peng ZENG, Yifan WANG, Tian TIAN, Yue CHE. Water quality evaluation and spatial-temporal variation characteristics of the Taihu Lake Basin based on PCA and CCME-WQI[J]. J* E* C* N* U* N* S*, 2025, 2025(2): 20-33.

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水质等级	CCME-WQI 值的范围
优	[95 ~ 100]
良好	[80 ~ 95)
中等	[65 ~ 80)
较差	[45 ~ 65)
差	[0 ~ 45)

主成分	2013 (KMO: 0.610)			2014 (KMO: 0.613)			2015 (KMO: 0.666)			2016 (KMO: 0.644)			2017 (KMO: 0.694)
主成分	EIG	TV/%	CUM/%	EIG	TV/%	CUM/%	EIG	TV/%	CUM/%	EIG	TV/%	CUM/%	EIG	TV/%	CUM/%
PC1	3.70	23.15	23.15	3.46	21.65	21.65	3.82	23.85	23.85	4.12	25.76	25.76	3.75	23.45	23.45
PC2	2.24	14.02	37.17	2.69	16.82	38.47	3.18	19.85	43.69	2.48	15.52	41.28	2.17	13.58	37.03
PC3	2.04	12.72	49.89	1.73	10.79	49.26	1.62	10.10	53.80	1.97	12.33	53.61	1.67	10.45	47.48
PC4	1.42	8.88	58.77	1.43	8.96	58.22	1.38	8.61	62.40	1.62	10.14	63.75	1.19	7.41	54.88
PC5	1.20	7.52	66.29	1.28	7.99	66.20	1.15	7.18	69.59	1.52	9.49	73.24	1.11	6.93	61.81
PC6	1.02	6.35	72.64	1.09	6.80	73.00	-	-	-	1.19	7.42	80.66	1.02	6.36	68.17

年份	主成分	DO	NH₃-N	TN	BOD₅	COD_Mn	TP	COD_Cr	石油类	氟化物	Cu	Pb	Cd	Zn	As	Se	Hg
2013	PC1	–0.604	0.510	0.350	0.770	0.899	0.697	0.887	0.428	0.060	–0.109	0.013	0.086	–0.018	0.273	–0.013	–0.004
2013	PC2	–0.167	–0.737	–0.807	0.034	0.269	–0.276	0.172	0.451	0.064	0.006	0.361	0.358	–0.038	0.358	–0.146	0.474
2014	PC1	–0.251	0.502	0.433	0.735	0.827	0.631	0.811	0.506	0.327	0.120	–0.032	–0.250	0.388	0.237	0.184	–0.006
2014	PC2	0.352	0.696	0.680	–0.226	–0.396	0.188	–0.408	–0.543	0.495	0.592	0.345	0.009	0.324	0.166	0.232	0.123
2015	PC1	–0.358	0.600	0.529	0.819	0.860	0.635	0.832	0.587	0.123	0.056	0.114	–0.183	0.050	0.218	0.169	0.227
2015	PC2	0.280	0.583	0.581	–0.125	–0.335	0.422	–0.381	–0.486	0.054	0.798	0.530	0.417	0.589	0.413	0.304	–0.166
2016	PC1	–0.675	0.365	0.325	0.742	0.888	0.558	0.875	0.662	0.340	–0.178	0.246	–0.369	0.180	0.086	–0.372	0.221
2016	PC2	0.229	0.657	0.614	–0.029	–0.204	0.536	–0.244	–0.383	0.481	0.617	0.326	0.219	0.534	0.068	0.105	–0.140
2017	PC1	–0.355	0.660	0.585	0.735	0.709	0.723	0.702	0.254	0.338	0.421	0.382	–0.072	0.416	0.304	0.083	0.105
2017	PC2	0.380	0.391	0.502	–0.164	–0.521	0.121	–0.466	–0.302	–0.255	0.562	0.359	0.118	0.531	–0.332	0.181	–0.228

水功能区	F₁	F₂	F₃	CCME-WQI
保护区	24.4	8.8	11.9	83.5
缓冲区	46.3	18.7	18.8	69.2
工业	31.0	15.2	15.4	78.2
过渡	38.1	11.9	13.3	75.7
景观	31.7	12.2	12.5	79.1
农业	38.9	14.2	17.1	74.1
饮用	31.3	10.8	11.8	79.7

相关系数		CCME-WQI 评价
相关系数		2013年	2014年	2015年	2016年	2017年
单因子评价	2013年	0.772^**	0.756^**	0.727^**	0.655^**	0.643^**
	2014年	0.669^**	0.769^**	0.756^**	0.671^**	0.614^**
	2015年	0.626^**	0.701^**	0.787^**	0.739^**	0.590^**
	2016年	0.544^**	0.580^**	0.678^**	0.682^**	0.555^**
	2017年	0.618^**	0.612^**	0.658^**	0.653^**	0.692^**