Multi-media distribution and partitioning behavior of organophosphate esters in the Yangtze River Estuary

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2024.06.009

Abstract

Abstract:

This research investigated multi-media occurrences of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in sediments, surface and bottom water sampled from the Yangtze River Estuary, and elucidated their spatio-vertical trends and partitioning behavior across typical aquatic interfaces. Additionally, we determined the key factors affecting the estuarine fate of OPEs and the associated environmental implications. Various OPEs were ubiquitous in the study region, and the peak water-borne residues were often found adjacent to the sites with more intense anthropogenic activities. Moreover, the estuarine hydrodynamic features also increased the OPE burden in water and sediments at the outlet of the Yangtze River. The moderate-to-high ecological risks suggested by risk quotients were mainly generated by tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and bisphenol A-bis(diphenyl) phosphate. The annual fluxes via the water flow and sediment deposition of the Yangtze River towards the East China Sea were predicted to be approximately 150 t and 290 kg, respectively, rivalling or exceeding those reported for many well-studied organic contaminants. Our results highlight the prevalence and abundance of OPEs in a representative urbanized estuary in China and the substantial ecological risks they pose to aquatic ecosystems.

Key words: contaminants of emerging concern, estuarine environment, organophosphate esters, spatio-vertical distribution, partitioning behavior

CLC Number:

X132

Bao LI, Ruihe JIN, Yuxin ZHANG, Manjing RUAN, Yan WU, Jing YANG, Min LIU. Multi-media distribution and partitioning behavior of organophosphate esters in the Yangtze River Estuary[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science), 2024, 2024(6): 99-113.

Figures/Tables 5

Fig.1

Table 1

Detection frequencies and concentrations of OPEs in water (sum of dissolved and SPM phases) and sediments collected from the Yangtze River Estuary"

OPEs化合物	检出率/%	中值/(ng·L^–1)	范围/(ng·L^–1)	检出率/%	中值/(ng·L^–1)	范围/(ng·L^–1)	检出率/%	中值/(ng·g^–1)	范围/(ng·g^–1)
OPEs化合物	表层水			底部水			沉积物
TEP	100	31.2	19.8 ~ 61	100	31.3	18.5 ~ 431	20	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.49
TIPRP	40	<MDL	<MDL ~ 1.06	25	<MDL	<MDL ~ 1.04	0	<MDL	<MDL
TPRP	60	0.09	<MDL ~ 0.50	60	0.13	<MDL ~ 1.65	5	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.36
TNBP	95	14.7	<MDL ~ 114	95	9.66	<MDL ~ 57.7	5	<MDL	<MDL ~ 1.83
TPEP	50	0.003	<MDL ~ 0.15	40	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.17	25	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.02
TEHP	100	5.32	1.46 ~ 49.1	100	11.1	8.21 ~ 76.8	95	2.27	<MDL ~ 34.6
TBOEP	10	<MDL	<MDL ~ 1.49	5	<MDL	<MDL ~ 2.79	0	<MDL	<MDL
∑Al-OPEs	100	54.1	31.1 ~ 514	100	63.7	40.1 ~ 464	95	2.51	<MDL ~ 34.6
TCEP	100	26.2	19.0 ~ 48.7	100	30.1	17.4 ~ 67.9	0	<MDL	<MDL
TCIPP	80	21.7	<MDL ~ 738	55	67.6	<MDL ~ 831	0	<MDL	<MDL
TDCIPP	30	<MDL	<MDL ~ 25.9	30	<MDL	<MDL ~ 23.4	0	<MDL	<MDL
V6	100	1.44	0.64 ~ 6.89	100	1.26	0.76 ~ 5.61	5	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.03
TDBPP	0	<MDL	<MDL	0	<MDL	<MDL	0	<MDL	<MDL
∑X-OPEs	100	52.3	19.8 ~ 814	100	96.1	18.2 ~ 901	5	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.03
TPHP	15	<MDL	<MDL ~ 33.8	30	<MDL	<MDL ~ 20.7	0	<MDL	<MDL
CDP	50	0.17	<MDL ~ 24.0	50	0.17	<MDL ~ 14.5	0	<MDL	<MDL
2IPPDPP	40	<MDL	<MDL ~ 2.15	55	0.64	<MDL ~ 1.90	0	<MDL	<MDL
4IPPDPP	30	<MDL	<MDL ~ 1.48	25	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.74	0	<MDL	<MDL
RDP	15	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.20	20	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.21	0	<MDL	<MDL
TOTP + TMTP + TPTP	95	0.39	<MDL ~ 3.43	100	1.10	0.21 ~ 2.92	0	<MDL	<MDL
2tBPDPP + 4tBPDPP	10	<MDL	<MDL ~ 1.98	25	<MDL	<MDL ~ 3.24	0	<MDL	<MDL
EHDPHP	30	<MDL	<MDL ~ 5.53	40	<MDL	<MDL ~ 48.7	0	<MDL	<MDL
B2IPPPP + 24DIPPDPP	25	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.46	30	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.61	0	<MDL	<MDL
T34DMPP	35	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.10	40	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.25	70	0.003	<MDL ~ 0.02
B4IPPPP	5	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.11	15	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.25	0	<MDL	<MDL
T35DMPP	90	0.06	<MDL ~ 0.28	100	0.09	0.03 ~ 0.56	80	0.02	<MDL ~ 0.37
BPA-BDPP	50	0.20	<MDL ~ 21.8	75	1.77	<MDL ~ 34.1	30	<MDL	<MDL ~ 2.75
IDDPP	35	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.43	65	0.10	<MDL ~ 0.63	10	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.29
B2tBPPP + B4tBPPP	50	0.03	<MDL ~ 0.71	40	<MDL	<MDL ~ 1.12	20	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.21
T2IPPP + T3IPPP	15	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.12	30	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.57	5	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.17
T4IPPP	30	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.11	20	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.09	0	<MDL	<MDL
T4tBPP	65	0.05	<MDL ~ 6.46	60	0.04	<MDL ~ 1.92	35	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.16
B24DIPPP	30	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.12	50	0.01	<MDL ~ 0.11	15	<MDL	<MDL ~ 0.05
∑Ar-OPEs	100	5.65	0.14 ~ 54.7	100	10.1	0.27 ~ 69.2	85	0.07	<MDL ~ 3.21
∑OPEs	100	136	66.4 ~ 953	100	180	68.8 ~ 1092	100	2.55	0.001 ~ 37.8

Table 1

Fig.2

Fig.3

Fig.4

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