Research progress on the interaction mechanisms and combined toxicity of microplastics and antibiotics in aquatic environments

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2026.01.003

Abstract

Abstract:

Microplastics and antibiotics are emerging contaminants that have become a major focus of current research. Data from Chinese and English databases were compiled to assess their distribution, adsorption mechanisms, and biological hazards in aquatic environments across China. Microplastic levels were highest in reservoirs (4.70~27.5 items/L, average 12.08 items/L), followed by rivers (average 8.83 items/L), and lowest in lakes (average 6.19 items/L). Average antibiotic concentrations were greatest in rivers (102.93 ng/L), exceeding those in lakes (34.37 ng/L) and reservoirs (43.91 ng/L). Van der Waals forces consistently occur between microplastics and antibiotics, while higher polarity MPs readily form hydrogen bonds. Functional groups facilitated π-π interactions and aging microplastics expose more oxygen-containing functional groups that significantly enhance adsorption. Once ingested, microplastic-antibiotic complexes can accumulate in organs, inhibit growth, alter biological structures under prolonged exposure, and promote the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. Effective mitigation requires strengthening control of emission sources, improved recycling systems, adoption of biodegradable plastics, and strengthening research on adsorption processes and combined toxicity under real-world conditions.

Key words: microplastics, antibiotics, distribution characteristics, combined toxicity

CLC Number:

X522

Yongle ZHAO, Yan ZHANG. Research progress on the interaction mechanisms and combined toxicity of microplastics and antibiotics in aquatic environments[J]. J* E* C* N* U* N* S*, 2026, 2026(1): 25-42.

Figures/Tables 7

Fig.1

Table 1

Distribution of MPs abundance in surface waters of China"

	水域名称	主要类型	丰度/ (个/L)	主要形状	主要粒径/mm	颜色	采样位置	采样时间	参考文献
河流	海河	PE	9.30±4.72	纤维	<1	白色、透明	城市河段	2018.06	[13]
	长江重庆段	PP	71.84	纤维、薄膜	<0.3	透明	城市河段	2018.10	[14]
	汉江	PA、PET	4.47	纤维、碎片	<0.5	透明	农村河段	2020.10	[15]
	长江口	PE、PP	4.13±2.46	纤维、颗粒	<1	透明	农村河段	2013.07	[16]
	珠江广州段	PE、PS	7.85	球形、纤维	<2	浅色	城市河段	2021	[17]
	渭河关中段	PE、PP、PET	5.87 (枯) 3.67 (丰)	纤维、碎片	<1	彩色、透明	城市河段	2022.12 (枯) 2023.07 (丰)	[18]
	灞河	PE、PS	6.53±2.36	纤维、碎片	<1	黑色, 透明	城市河段	2018	[19]
	上游无定河	PE、PP	2.98±0.69	纤维	<0.5	白色	农村河段	2021	[20]
	黄河入海口	PP、PE、PS	654.00 (丰) 930.20 (枯)	纤维	<2	透明, 白色	农村河段	2018.07 (丰) 2019.03 (枯)	[21]
河流	黄河下游	PP、PE、PS	595.27	纤维	<2	透明、白色	城市河段	2019.03 (枯)	[21]
	东江河源段	PS	1.05	纤维	<2	蓝色	农村河段	2019.06	[22]
	汾河	PES、PET	13.89±1.97	纤维	<2	透明、白色	城市河段	2020.06	[23]
	香溪河	PE、PP	6.64 (平) 5.00 (枯)	纤维	<0.5	透明	农村河段	2020.11 (枯) 2021.04 (平)	[24]
	沱江	PP	1.94	纤维	<1	白色	城市河段	2019.07	[25]
	南明河	PE、PP	0.75 (枯) 0.69 (丰)	纤维、薄膜	<0.5	透明	城市河段	2021.01 (枯) 2021.09 (丰)	[26]
	大辽河	PE、PP	4.74	纤维、碎片	<0.5	-	农村河段	2019.08	[27]
	双台子河	PE	4.52	纤维、碎片	<0.5	-	农村河段	2019.08	[27]
	漳河	PE、PP	6.72 (丰) 4.13 (枯)	纤维	<2	蓝色	城市河段	2023.07 (丰) 2023.12 (枯)	[28]
	大沽河	PET	2.00	纤维	>3	蓝色	城市河段	2021.06	[29]
	北运河	PE、PP	13.30	纤维、薄膜	<0.5	白色	城市河段	2021.08	[30]
湖泊	洞庭湖	PET、PP	7.00 (枯) 12.00 (丰)	纤维	<1.5	蓝色、黑色	农村湖段	2020.09 (丰) 2020.12 (枯)	[31]
	巢湖	PP、PET、PE	3.20	纤维、碎片	<2	黑色、蓝色	农村湖段	2020.11	[32]
	太湖	PET、PP	13.20	纤维、颗粒	<1	透明、黑色	城市湖段	2019.08	[33]
	大明湖	PP	3.23	纤维、薄膜	<0.5	透明	城市湖段	2022.09	[34]
	洪湖	PE、PP	1.19	纤维	-	彩色	农村湖段	2017.09	[35]
水库	三峡水库	PS、PP	4.70±2.81	纤维	<0.5	透明、白色	城市地段	2016.08	[36]
	密云水库	PP、PET	6.83±1.87	纤维	<0.5	透明	农村地段	2021.08	[37]
	丹江口水库	PA、PE	7.25	碎片、纤维	<0.5	棕色、透明	农村地段	2019.08	[38]
	大房郢水库	PP、PE	18.62±7.12	纤维、颗粒	<1	透明、蓝色	城市地段	2020.09	[39]
	甲岩水库	PE	27.50±23.30	碎片	<0.3	-	农村地段	2020.08	[40]

Table 1

Table 2

Distribution of antibiotic concentrations in surface waters of China"

	水域名称	抗生素类型	浓度/(ng/L)	平均总浓度/(ng/L)	采样时间	参考文献
河流	潮白河	磺胺类	ND~63.77	ND~48.56	2021	[41]
		大环内酯类	ND~16.07
		喹诺酮类	ND~101.62
		四环素类	ND~12.22
	南明河	磺胺类	257.00	173.33	2018	[42]
		大环内酯类	256.00
		喹诺酮类	127.00
		四环素类	53.30
河流	锦江流域	喹诺酮类	33.50~251.00	37.57~180.33	2021	[43]
		大环内酯类	22.00~163.00
		磺胺类	57.20~127.00
	灞河	磺胺类	25.90	116.33	2017	[44]
		喹诺酮类	46.00
		大环内酯类	63.40
		四环素类	330.00
	滏阳河	喹诺酮类	0.27~1.32	ND~2.82	2024	[45]
		磺胺类	0.66~9.27
		大环内酯类	0.28~0.67
	珠江广州段	大环内酯类	643.00	673.00	2016	[46]
	珠江广州段	喹诺酮类	703.00	673.00	2016	[46]
	皂河	喹诺酮类	0.63~2.47	ND~7.37	2023	[47]
		四环素类	1.24~19.28
		磺胺类	ND~0.36
	贾鲁河	喹诺酮类	ND~29.00	ND~16.05	2024	[48]
		磺胺类	ND~15.80
		四环素类	ND~3.35
	辽河流域	大环内酯类	28.45	34.51	2019	[49]
		喹诺酮类	52.83
		磺胺类	20.01
		四环素类	36.74
	浑河	磺胺类	ND~25.30	ND~16.53	2018	[50]
		喹诺酮类	ND~14.20
		四环素类	ND~10.10
	长江干流	喹诺酮类	ND~2.24	ND~2.55	2020	[51]
		四环素类	ND~0.33
		大环内酯类	ND~2.50
		磺胺类	ND~5.12
	支流汉江	喹诺酮类	ND~2.35	ND~5.18
		四环素类	ND~1.32
		大环内酯类	ND~2.50
		磺胺类	ND~14.53
	支流滠水	喹诺酮类	ND~177.37	ND~60.67
		大环内酯类	ND~2.00
		磺胺类	ND~2.63
	流溪河	磺胺类	189.51	91.00	2010	[52]
		喹诺酮类	7.06
		大环内酯类	76.40
河流	珠江河	磺胺类	208.73	115.66	2010	[52]
		喹诺酮类	4.85
		大环内酯类	133.40
	石井河	磺胺类	1508.30	1158.23
		喹诺酮类	70.40
		大环内酯类	1896.00
湖泊	太湖	磺胺类	2.60	2.38	2018	[12]
		喹诺酮类	3.60
		四环素类	2.80
		大环内酯类	0.50
	鄱阳湖	磺胺甲恶唑	156.88	116.73	2023	[53]
		罗红霉素	136.37
		诺氟沙星	56.64
	洞庭湖	恩诺沙星	ND~4.61	ND~20.94	2016	[54]
		环丙沙星	ND~36.17
		四环素	ND~21.51
	巢湖	盐酸强力霉素	71.06	26.91	2022	[55]
		克拉霉素	5.11
		磺胺甲恶唑	4.55
	东湖	四环素	3.31	4.87	2017	[56]
		金霉素	2.86
		强力霉素	9.94
		土霉素	3.36
水库	莲花水库	恩诺沙星	ND~187.69	ND~142.13	2018	[57]
		四环素	ND~155.05
		环丙沙星	ND~83.66
	青狮潭水库	诺氟沙星	3.70~5.00	3.93~5.76	2018	[58]
		环丙沙星	3.49~6.22
		恩诺沙星	4.59~6.06
	丹江口水库	阿莫西林	3.47~20.68	2.84~15.55	2023	[59]
	丹江口水库	土霉素	2.20~10.41	2.84~15.55	2023	[59]
	碧流河水库	磺胺甲恶唑	ND~15.00	ND~12.20	2015	[60]
		甲氧苄啶	ND~7.20
		氯霉素	ND~17.00
		林可霉素	ND~9.60

Table 2

Fig.2

Table 3

Table 4

Fig.3

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微塑料类型	抗生素类型	微塑料尺寸/μm	吸附顺序	吸附量/(mg/g)	吸附方式	备注	参考文献
PA	环丙沙星	100~180	PA>PP>PS	1.205	静电作用, 氢键作用	极性, 酰胺键	[74]
PP				0.688	范德华力	较大的孔隙结构
PS				0.532	范德华力,$ \text{π}\text{-}\text{π} $相互作用	苯环
PA	环丙沙星	74	PA>PP>PS	3.740	静电作用, 氢键作用	极性,酰胺键	[81]
PP				2.730	静电作用, 范德华力	非极性
PS				2.540	范德华力	非极性
PBS	诺氟沙星	-	PS>PBS>PE	0.091	氢键作用	比表面积: PBS>PS>PE	[82]
PS				0.186	$ \text{π}\text{-}\text{π} $相互作用, 氢键作用
PE				0.038	$ \text{π}\text{-}\text{π} $相互作用
PET	诺氟沙星	100~300	PE>PET>PA	4.000	静电作用, 范德华力	比表面积: PET>PE>PA 电负性: PET>PE>PA	[83]
PE				4.000
PA				3.000
PE	土霉素	180~250	PS>PE	0.410	范德华力, 孔隙填充	比表面积: PS>PE	[84]
PS		180~250		2.600
PE		250~550		0.092
PS		250~550		0.290
PET	头孢氨苄	100	PET>PLA	0.460	范德华力,$ \text{π}\text{-}\text{π} $相互作用	非极性	[85]
PLA	头孢氨苄	100	PET>PLA	0.418	疏水作用, 静电作用	极性	[85]

微塑料类型	抗生素类型	老化方法	老化前吸附量/(mg/g)	老化后吸附量/(mg/g)	参考文献
PLA	磺胺甲恶唑	过硫酸钾法	1.500	3.620	[86]
PE			1.250	2.990
PS			0.730	0.804
PLA	四环素	过硫酸钾法	1.638	2.293	[87]
PET	四环素	过硫酸钾法	2.261	3.617	[87]
PBS	左氧氟沙星	UV	3.700	5.320	[88]
PVC	土霉素	UV	1.380	2.130	[89]
TWP (轮胎颗粒)	土霉素	UV	5.140	5.820	[89]
PE	环丙沙星	UV + 过硫酸钠	0.160	0.280	[90]
PLA	环丙沙星	UV + 过硫酸钠	0.320	0.380	[90]
PS	环丙沙星	过硫酸钾	0.372	0.558	[91]
PVC	四环素	UV	0.387	0.507	[92]
PE	四环素	UV	2.023	2.138	[93]
PVC	四环素	UV	2.225	2.348	[93]
PE	四环素	UV	0.388	0.651	[94]
PS	四环素	UV	0.730	0.804	[94]

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