长江口及其近岸海域抗生素的时空分异特征与生态风险评估

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2024.06.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

海洋作为河流抗生素的最终归宿, 其在河流到海洋迁移过程的机制和变化规律尚未得到系统研究. 2023年分别于丰水期和枯水期, 在长江口及其近岸海域采集表层水样, 采用固相萃取技术和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法, 对水样中5类20种抗生素的含量进行测定, 分析其含量水平、时空分异以及潜在的生态风险. 研究结果显示, 20种抗生素检出浓度范围为ND (not detected) ~ 63.32 ng·L^–1, 自长江口近口段 (平均108 ng·L^–1)—河口段 (平均50 ng·L^–1)—口外海滨段 (平均40 ng·L^–1)—近岸海域 (平均29 ng·L^–1) 呈现出从内陆到海洋的递减趋势. 5类抗生素的含量水平由高到低依次为氯霉素类 > 大环内酯类 > 磺胺类 > 喹诺酮类 > 四环素类, 抗生素检出种类及含量具有明显的季节差异性, 枯水期大环内酯类抗生素含量显著高于丰水期, 而丰水期四环素类含量显著高于枯水期. 研究区水体主要受到磺胺甲恶唑、环丙沙星、金霉素、红霉素、氯霉素、氧氟沙星等抗生素的潜在威胁, 其生态风险不容忽视.

关键词: 抗生素, 长江口, 近海, 时空分布, 生态风险

Abstract:

As the ultimate destination of antibiotics in rivers, the mechanism and change law of migration from rivers to oceans have not been fully and systematically studied. In this study, surface water samples were collected in the Yangtze River Estuary and its offshore areas in the wet season and dry season of 2023. Solid-phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to identify 20 antibiotics in five categories. This analysis was conducted to assess the concentrations, temporal and spatial distribution, and potential ecological risks. The results showed that the concentrations of 20 antibiotics ranged from not detected ~ 63.32 ng·L^–1, and showed a decreasing trend from inland to marine areas from the mouth-adjacent section (average 108 ng·L^–1) to the estuary section (average 50 ng·L^–1), to the coastal section outside the mouth (average 40 ng·L^–1), and the coastal area (average 29 ng·L^–1). The concentrations of the five types of antibiotics from high to low were chloramphenicols > macrolides > sulfonamides > quinolones > tetracyclines. The categories and amount of detected antibiotics showed significant seasonal differences. The seasonal-change pattern showed that the ML concentration season was significantly higher in the dry than the wet season, while the concentrations of TCs were significantly higher in the wet season than the dry season. Antibiotics, such as Sulfamethoxazole, Ciprofloxacin, Chlortetracycline, Erythromycin, Chloramphenicol, Ofloxacin, posed a significant threat to the water in the study area, and the ecological risks should not be overlooked.

Key words: antibiotics, Yangtze River Estuary, offshore areas, temporal and spatial distribution, ecological risk

中图分类号:

X826

王余意, 黄晔, 杨静, 丁方方, 何天豪, 李雨珊, 黄琳, 李晔, 刘敏. 长江口及其近岸海域抗生素的时空分异特征与生态风险评估[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2024, 2024(6): 136-150.

Yuyi WANG, Ye HUANG, Jing YANG, Fangfang DING, Tianhao HE, Yushan LI, Lin HUANG, Ye LI, Min LIU. Spatiotemporal differential distribution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of antibiotics in the Yangtze River Estuary and offshore areas[J]. Journal of East China Normal University(Natural Science), 2024, 2024(6): 136-150.

图/表 10

图1

表1

表2

表3

目标化合物的生态风险参数"

抗生素	物种类别	受试物种	效应类型	毒性数据/(mg·L^–1)	评估因子	C_PNE/(ng·L^–1)	参考文献
SP	Algae	M. macrocopa	L (E) C₅₀	1.2	1000	1200	[24]
	Daphnia	D. magna	L (E) C₅₀	149.3	1000	149300	[25]
	Fish	O. latipes	L (E) C₅₀	> 500	1000	500000	[25]
SDZ	Algae	C. vulgaris.	L (E) C₅₀	1.226	1000	1226	[26]
	Daphnia	D. magna	L (E) C₅₀	212	1000	212000	[27]
	Fish	-	L (E) C₅₀	50.29	1000	50290	[28]
SMX	Algae	S. leopoliensis	L (E) C₅₀	0.027	1000	27	[29]
	Daphnia	C. dubia	L (E) C₅₀	0.21	1000	210	[30]
	Fish	O. latipes	L (E) C₅₀	562.5	1000	562500	[31]
ST	Algae	S. leopoliensis	L (E) C₅₀	13.1	100	13100	[32]
	Daphnia	D. magna	L (E) C₅₀	17	100	17000	[32]
	Fish	O. latipes	L (E) C₅₀	500	100	500000	[32]
SMR	Algae	S. vacuolatus	L (E) C₅₀	11.9	1000	11900	[33]
	Daphnia	D. magna	L (E) C₅₀	66.22	1000	66220	[34]
	Fish	-	L (E) C₅₀	100	1000	100000	[35]
SMZ	Algae	P. subcapitata	NOEC	0.001	100	10000	[36]
	Daphnia	D. magna	L (E) C₅₀	158.8	1000	158800	[31]
	Fish	O. latipes	L (E) C₅₀	> 100	1000	100000	[31]
SQ	Algae	P. subcapitata	L (E) C₅₀	0.246	1000	246	[32]
	Daphnia	D. magna	L (E) C₅₀	131	1000	131000	[32]
	Fish	O. latipes	L (E) C₅₀	234.8	1000	234800	[32]
NFX	Algae	M. wesenbergii	L (E) C₅₀	0.038	1000	38	[32]
	Daphnia	Daphnid	L (E) C₅₀	1800	1000	3093133	[32]
	Fish	P. olivaceus	L (E) C₅₀	100	1000	100000	ECOTOX
CIP	Algae	M. aeruginosa	L (E) C₅₀	0.005	1000	5	[37]
	Daphnia	D. magna	L (E) C₅₀	1.58726	1000	1587	ECOTOX
	Fish	G. holbrooki	L (E) C₅₀	60	1000	60000	ECOTOX
EFX	Algae	M. aeruginosa	L (E) C₅₀	0.049	1000	49	[38]
	Daphnia	D. magna	L (E) C₅₀	56.7	1000	56700	[25]
	Fish	O. latipes	L (E) C₅₀	> 100	1000	100000	[25]
OFX	Algae	S. leopoliensis	L (E) C₅₀	0.016	1000	16	[30]
	Daphnia	C. dubia	L (E) C₅₀	3.13	1000	3130	[30]
	Fish	D. rerio	L (E) C₅₀	> 1000	1000	1000	[37]
TC	Algae	M. aeruginosa	L (E) C₅₀	0.05	1000	50	[39]
	Daphnia	D. magna	L (E) C₅₀	36.56	1000	36560	[34]
	Fish	G. holbrooki	NOEC	5	100	50000	[40]
DC	Algae	G. algae	L (E) C₅₀	0.32	1000	320	[41]
	Daphnia	C. dubia	L (E) C₅₀	0.5	1000	500	[41]
	Fish	D. rerio	L (E) C₅₀	2.658	1000	2658	[42]
OTC	Algae	P. subcapitata	L (E) C₅₀	0.17	1000	170	[30]
	Daphnia	D. magna	L (E) C₅₀	427.12	1000	427120	[30]
	Fish	S. aurata	NOEC	8	100	80000	[43]
CTC	Algae	P. subcapitata	L (E) C₅₀	0.002	1000	2	[44]
	Daphnia	D. magna	L (E) C₅₀	0.05	1000	88000	[45]
	Fish	Danio rerio	L (E) C₅₀	36.56	1000	12	[46]
ETM	Algae	-	L (E) C₅₀	0.02	1000	20	[30]
	Daphnia	C. dubia	L (E) C₅₀	0.22	1000	220	[47]
	Fish	-	L (E) C₅₀	61	1000	61000	[48]
RTM	Algae	P. subcapitata	L (E) C₅₀	0.01	100	100	[36]
	Daphnia	D. magna	L (E) C₅₀	7.1	100	71000	[49]
	Fish	O. latipes	L (E) C₅₀	50.3	100	503000	[49]
FF	Algae	P. subcapitata	L (E) C₅₀	2.3	1000	2300	[37]
	Daphnia	D. magna	L (E) C₅₀	1.9	1000	1600	[50]
	Fish	O. mossambicus	L (E) C₅₀	50	1000	50000	[51]
TAP	Algae	M. aeruginosa	L (E) C₅₀	0.32	1000	320	[30]
	Daphnia	Daphnid	L (E) C₅₀	8100	1000	8100000	ECOTOX
	Fish	-	L (E) C₅₀	12248	1000	12248000	ECOTOX
CAP	Algae	D. subspicatus	L (E) C₅₀	0.13	1000	130	[52]
	Daphnia	Daphnid	L (E) C₅₀	72.1	1000	72100	ECOTOX
	Fish	-	L (E) C₅₀	38.8	1000	38800	ECOTOX

表3

表4

图2

图3

图4

图5

图6

参考文献 67

1	徐永刚, 宇万太, 马强, 等.. 环境中抗生素及其生态毒性效应研究进展. 生态毒理学报, 2015, 10 (3): 11- 27.
2	丁剑楠, 刘舒娇, 邹杰明, 等.. 太湖表层水体典型抗生素时空分布和生态风险评价. 环境科学, 2021, 42 (4): 1811- 1819.
3	TISEO K, HUBER L, GILBERT M, et al.. Global trends in antimicrobial use in food animals from 2017 to 2030. Antibiotics, 2020, 9 (12): 918.
4	CHEN Y, JIANG C, WANG Y, et al.. Sources, environmental fate, and ecological risks of antibiotics in sediments of Asia’s longest river: A whole-basin investigation. Environmental Science & Technology, 2022, 56 (20): 14439- 14451.
5	HALLING-SØRENSEN B, NORS NIELSEN S, LANZKY P F, et al.. Occurrence, fate and effects of pharmaceutical substances in the environment- A review. Chemosphere, 1998, 36 (2): 357- 393.
6	XU J, XU Y, WANG H, et al.. Occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in a sewage treatment plant and its effluent-receiving river. Chemosphere, 2015, 119, 1379- 1385.
7	于娇, 金凯馨, 吴玲玲.. 浅谈抗生素在中国多介质中污染现状研究进展. 应用化工, 2024, 53 (7): 1635- 1640.
8	HE K, HAIN E, TIMM A, et al.. Occurrence of antibiotics, estrogenic hormones, and UV-filters in water, sediment, and oyster tissue from the Chesapeake Bay. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 650, 3101- 3109.
9	ČELIĆ M, JAÉN-GIL A, BRICEÑO-GUEVARA S, et al.. Extended suspect screening to identify contaminants of emerging concern in riverine and coastal ecosystems and assessment of environmental risks. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 404, 124102.
10	WEI C, WANG Y, ZHANG R, et al.. Spatiotemporal distribution and potential risks of antibiotics in coastal water of Beibu Gulf, South China Sea: Livestock and poultry emissions play essential effect. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2024, 466, 133550.
11	王新红, 于晓璇, 王思权, 等.. 河口-近海环境新污染物的环境过程、效应与风险. 环境科学, 2022, 43 (11): 4810- 4821.
12	LI H.. Management of coastal mega-cities: A new challenge in the 21st century. Marine Policy, 2003, 27 (4): 333- 337.
13	LU S, WANG J, WANG B, et al.. Comprehensive profiling of the distribution, risks and priority of pharmaceuticals and personal care products: A large-scale study from rivers to coastal seas. Water Research, 2023, 230, 119591.
14	DU J, ZHAO H, LIU S, et al.. Antibiotics in the coastal water of the South Yellow Sea in China: Occurrence, distribution and ecological risks. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 595, 521- 527.
15	HAN Q F, SONG C, SUN X, et al.. Spatiotemporal distribution, source apportionment and combined pollution of antibiotics in natural waters adjacent to mariculture areas in the Laizhou Bay, Bohai Sea. Chemosphere, 2021, 279, 130381.
16	WU R, RUAN Y, HUANG G, et al.. Source apportionment, hydrodynamic influence, and environmental stress of pharmaceuticals in a microtidal estuary with multiple outlets in South China. Environmental Science & Technology Journal, 2022, 56 (16): 11374- 11386.
17	LI F, WEN D, BAO Y, et al.. Insights into the distribution, partitioning and influencing factors of antibiotics concentration and ecological risk in typical bays of the East China Sea. Chemosphere, 2022, 288, 132566.
18	徐双全.. 长江河口河海分界的探讨. 中国水利, 2008, (16): 37- 40.
19	晏彩霞. 长江口滨岸水中胶体对新型有机污染物环境行为的影响研究 [D]. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2015.
20	郭行磐. 长江口滨岸水环境中抗生素抗性基因的赋存特征 [D]. 上海: 华东师范大学, 2019.
21	LI F, CHEN L, BAO Y, et al.. Identification of the priority antibiotics based on their detection frequency, concentration, and ecological risk in urbanized coastal water. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 747, 141275.
22	VAN LEEUWEN K. Technical guidance document on risk assessment in support of commission directive 93/67/EEC on risk assessment for new notified substances and commission regulation (EC) No1488/94 on risk assessment for existing substances Part Ⅱ [R]. European Commission Joint Research Centre, 1996: 1-337.
23	刘昔, 王智, 王学雷, 等.. 我国典型区域地表水环境中抗生素污染现状及其生态风险评价. 环境科学, 2019, 40 (5): 2094- 2100.
24	BENGTSSON-PALME J, LARSSON D G J.. Concentrations of antibiotics predicted to select for resistant bacteria: Proposed limits for environmental regulation. Environment International, 2016, 86, 140- 149.
25	PARK S, CHOI K.. Hazard assessment of commonly used agricultural antibiotics on aquatic ecosystems. Ecotoxicology, 2008, 17 (6): 526- 538.
26	BARAN W, SOCHACKA J, WARDAS W.. Toxicity and biodegradability of sulfonamides and products of their photocatalytic degradation in aqueous solutions. Chemosphere, 2006, 65 (8): 1295- 1299.
27	DE LIGUORO M, FIORETTO B, POLTRONIERI C, et al.. The toxicity of sulfamethazine to Daphnia magna and its additivity to other veterinary sulfonamides and trimethoprim. Chemosphere, 2009, 75 (11): 1519- 1524.
28	GROS M, PETROVIC M, GINEBREDA A, et al. Sources, occurrence, and environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in the Ebro River Basin [M]// BARCELÓ D, PETROVIC M. The Ebro River Basin. [S. l.]: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010: 209-237.
29	FERRARI B, MONS R, VOLLAT B, et al.. Environmental risk assessment of six human pharmaceuticals: Are the current environmental risk assessment procedures sufficient for the protection of the aquatic environment?. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2004, 23 (5): 1344- 1354.
30	ISIDORI M, LAVORGNA M, NARDELLI A, et al.. Toxic and genotoxic evaluation of six antibiotics on non-target organisms. Science of the Total Environment, 2005, 346 (1): 87- 98.
31	KIM Y, CHOI K, JUNG J, et al.. Aquatic toxicity of acetaminophen, carbamazepine, cimetidine, diltiazem and six major sulfonamides, and their potential ecological risks in Korea. Environment International, 2007, 33 (3): 370- 375.
32	REN J, SHI H, LIU J, et al.. Occurrence, source apportionment and ecological risk assessment of thirty antibiotics in farmland system. Journal of Environmental Management, 2023, 335, 117546.
33	BIAŁK-BIELIŃSKA A, STOLTE S, ARNING J, et al.. Ecotoxicity evaluation of selected sulfonamides. Chemosphere, 2011, 85 (6): 928- 933.
34	KIM H Y, YU S H, LEE M J, et al.. Radiolysis of selected antibiotics and their toxic effects on various aquatic organisms. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 2009, 78 (4): 267- 272.
35	张培旗, 李健, 刘淇, 等.. 复方新诺明对中国对虾毒性的初步研究. 海洋水产研究, 2006, (1): 28- 34.
36	YANG L, YING G, SU H, et al.. Growth‐inhibiting effects of 12 antibacterial agents and their mixtures on the freshwater microalga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2008, 27 (5): 1201- 1208.
37	XU Y, GUO C, LV J, et al.. Spatiotemporal profile of tetracycline and sulfonamide and their resistance on a catchment scale. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 241, 1098- 1105.
38	ROBINSON A A, BELDEN J B, LYDY M J.. Toxicity of fluoroquinolone antibiotics to aquatic organisms. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2005, 24 (2): 423- 30.
39	BAI Y, MENG W, XU J, et al. Occurrence, distribution and bioaccumulation of antibiotics in the Liao River Basin in China [J]. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 2014, 16(3): 586-593.
40	NUNES B, ANTUNES S C, GOMES R, et al.. Acute effects of tetracycline exposure in the freshwater fish gambusia holbrooki: antioxidant effects, neurotoxicity and histological alterations. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2015, 68 (2): 371- 381.
41	YAN Z, YANG H, DONG H, et al.. Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of organic micropollutants in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China: A case study of water diversion. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 239, 223- 232.
42	JIANG Y, XU C, WU X, et al.. Occurrence, seasonal variation and risk assessment of antibiotics in Qingcaosha Reservoir. Water, 2018, 10 (2): 115.
43	GUARDIOLA F A, CEREZUELA R, MESEGUER J, et al.. Modulation of the immune parameters and expression of genes of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) by dietary administration of oxytetracycline. Aquaculture, 2012, 334/337, 51- 57.
44	LÜTZHØFT H C H, HALLING-SØRENSEN B, JØRGENSEN S E.. Algal toxicity of antibacterial agents applied in Danish fish farming. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1999, 36 (1): 1- 6.
45	KIM J, PARK J, KIM P G, et al.. Implication of global environmental changes on chemical toxicity-effect of water temperature, pH, and ultraviolet B irradiation on acute toxicity of several pharmaceuticals in Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicology, 2010, 19 (4): 662- 669.
46	KOEYPUDSA W, YAKUPITIYAGE A, TANGTRONGPIROS J.. The fate of chlortetracycline residues in a simulated chicken–fish integrated farming systems. Aquaculture Research, 2005, 36, 570- 577.
47	DE LIGUORO M, DI LEVA V, GALLINA G, et al.. Evaluation of the aquatic toxicity of two veterinary sulfonamides using five test organisms. Chemosphere, 2010, 81 (6): 788- 793.
48	SANDERSON H, JOHNSON D J, WILSON C J, et al.. Probabilistic hazard assessment of environmentally occurring pharmaceuticals toxicity to fish, daphnids and algae by ECOSAR screening. Toxicology Letters, 2003, 144 (3): 383- 395.
49	GROS M, PETROVIĆ M, GINEBREDA A, et al.. Removal of pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment and environmental risk assessment using hazard indexes. Environment International, 2010, 36 (1): 15- 26.
50	MARTINS A, GUIMARÃES L, GUILHERMINO L.. Chronic toxicity of the veterinary antibiotic florfenicol to Daphnia magna assessed at two temperatures. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 2013, 36 (3): 1022- 1032.
51	REDA R M, IBRAHIM R E, AHMED E N G, et al.. Effect of oxytetracycline and florfenicol as growth promoters on the health status of cultured Oreochromis niloticus. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 2013, 39 (4): 241- 248.
52	SANDERSON H, THOMSEN M.. Comparative analysis of pharmaceuticals versus industrial chemicals acute aquatic toxicity classification according to the United Nations classification system for chemicals. Assessment of the (Q)SAR predictability of pharmaceuticals acute aquatic toxicity and their predominant acute toxic mode-of-action. Toxicology Letters, 2009, 187 (2): 84- 93.
53	张芊芊. 中国流域典型新型有机污染物排放量估算、多介质归趋模拟及生态风险评估 [D]. 广州: 中国科学院研究生院(广州地球化学研究所), 2015.
54	LI S, SHI W, LIU W, et al.. A duodecennial national synthesis of antibiotics in China’s major rivers and seas (2005–2016). Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 615, 906- 917.
55	李菲菲. 受污染近海中抗生素的分布、生态风险及优先控制策略 [D]. 北京: 中国地质大学, 2020.
56	贺莹莹. 长江口水体极性有机污染物存在水平及生态风险评价 [D]. 辽宁大连: 大连理工大学, 2015.
57	张悦.. 近海流域溶解氧的影响因素分析. 中国资源综合利用, 2023, 41 (11): 111- 113.
58	何蕴琦, 陈弘丽.. 珠三角典型河道49种抗生素污染现状及风险评估. 中国环境监测, 2024, 40 (1): 173- 182.
59	HU J, LI S, ZHANG W, et al.. Animal production predominantly contributes to antibiotic profiles in the Yangtze River. Water Research, 2023, 242, 120214.
60	ZHANG Q Q, YING G G, PAN C G, et al.. Comprehensive evaluation of antibiotics emission and fate in the river basins of China: Source analysis, multimedia modeling, and linkage to bacterial resistance. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 49 (11): 6772- 6782.
61	余军楠, 方昊, 胡建林, 等.. 江苏四个典型克氏原螯虾养殖区抗生素污染特征与生态风险评估. 农业环境科学学报, 2020, 39 (2): 386- 393.
62	周柯举. 集约化海水养殖区抗生素的污染特征 [D]. 福建厦门: 厦门大学, 2022.
63	BEN W, PAN X, QIANG Z. Occurrence and partition of antibiotics in the liquid and solid phases of swine wastewater from concentrated animal feeding operations in Shandong Province, China [J]. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts, 2013, 15(4): 870-875.
64	陈磊, 韩迁, 赖承钺, 等.. 成都市水源地磺胺类抗生素分布特征及风险评估. 环境科学导刊, 2024, 43 (3): 71- 76.
65	袁喆, 彭茂民, 刘丽, 等.. 动物源性食品中氯霉素类药物残留分析方法研究进展. 食品与机械, 2024, 40 (1): 219- 225.
66	WANG Z, CHEN Q, ZHANG J, et al.. Characterization and source identification of tetracycline antibiotics in the drinking water sources of the lower Yangtze River. Journal of Environmental Management, 2019, 244, 13- 22.
67	TIAN L, XU X, ZHANG Z, et al.. A comprehensive contamination investigation of Bohai Bay seawater: Antibiotics occurrence, distribution, ecological risks and their interactive factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2023, 20 (2): 1599.

萃取过程	溶剂	流速/ (mL·min^–1)	体积/mL
活化	甲醇	1	10
活化	超纯水	1	10
活化	超纯水 (pH值为5)	1	10
富集		5	1000
清洗杂质	超纯水	1	10
吹干
洗脱	甲醇-乙腈 (1:1)	1	10
旋蒸			0.5
置换	甲醇		8
旋蒸			0.5

种类	名称	英文名称	简称	分子式	CAS号
磺胺类 SAs (sulfonamides)	磺胺吡啶	sulfapyridine	SP	C₁₁H₁₁N₃O₂S	144-83-2
	磺胺嘧啶	sulfadiazine	SDZ	C₁₀H₁₀N₄O₂S	68-35-9
	磺胺甲恶唑	sulfamethoxazole	SMX	C₁₀H₁₁N₃O₃S	723-46-6
	磺胺噻唑	sulfathiazole	ST	C₉H₉N₃O₂S₂	72-14-0
	磺胺间甲基嘧啶	sulfamerazine	SMR	C₁₁H₁₂N₄O₂S	127-79-7
	磺胺二甲(基)嘧啶	sulfamethazine	SMZ	C₁₂H₁₄N₄O₂S	57-68-1
	磺胺喹恶啉	sulfaquinoxaline	SQ	C₁₄H₁₂N₄O₂S	59-40-5
喹诺酮类 QNs (quinolones)	诺氟沙星	norfluxacin	NFX	C₁₆H₁₈FN₃O₃	70458-96-7
	环丙沙星	ciprofloxacin	CIP	C₁₇H₁₈FN₃O₃	85721-33-1
	恩诺沙星	enrofloxacin	EFX	C₁₉H₂₂FN₃O₃	93106-60-6
	氧氟沙星	ofloxacin	OFX	C₁₈H₂₀FN₃O₄	82419-36-1
四环素类 TCs (tetracyclines)	四环素	tetracycline	TC	C₂₂H₂₄N₂O₈	60-54-8
	强力霉素	doxycycline	DC	C₂₂H₂₄N₂O₈	564-25-0
	土霉素	oxytetracycline	OTC	C₂₂H₂₄N₂O₉	79-57-2
	金霉素	chlortetracycline	CTC	C₂₂H₂₃ClN₂O₈	57-62-5
大环内酯类 MLs (macrolides)	红霉素	erythromycin	ETM	C₃₇H₆₇NO₁₃	114-07-8
大环内酯类 MLs (macrolides)	罗红霉素	roxithromycin	RTM	C₄₁H₇₆N₂O₁₅	80214-83-1
氯霉素类 CPs (chloramphenicols)	氟苯尼考	florfenicol	FF	C₁₂H₁₄Cl₂FNO₄S	73231-34-2
	甲砜霉素	thiamphenicol	TAP	C₁₂H₁₅C_l2NO₅S	15318-45-3
	氯霉素	chloramphenicol	CAP	C₁₁H₁₂Cl₂N₂O₅	56-75-7

抗生素	范围/(ng·L^–1)	平均值/(ng·L^–1)	检出率	标准差	范围/(ng·L^–1)	平均值/(ng·L^–1)	检出率	标准差
抗生素	枯水期				丰水期
SMR	0.03 ~ 0.75	0.07	100%	0.13	0.23 ~ 12.25	0.75	100%	1.89
SMZ	ND ~ 5.41	0.64	50.00%	1.83	0.07 ~ 4.75	1.16	100%	1.07
SMX	0.18 ~ 19.29	5.00	100%	6.00	0.35 ~ 23.81	7.17	100%	7.18
SP	0.01 ~ 3.67	0.44	97.06%	0.76	0.15 ~ 1.80	0.66	100%	0.53
ST	ND ~ 1.37	0.22	88.23%	0.40	0.11 ~ 0.48	0.26	100%	0.08
SQ	ND ~ 0.15	0.01	26.47%	0.04	ND ~ 2.52	0.53	67.65%	0.55
SDZ	ND ~ 3.35	0.57	100%	0.83	ND ~ 0.75	0.26	94.12%	0.18
SAs	0.52 ~ 29.26	6.95	-	8.86	1.35 ~ 24.53	7.92	-	9.89
EFX	ND ~ 4.13	0.18	38.23%	1.12	0.25 ~ 5.29	1.11	100%	1.01
OFX	ND ~ 1.72	0.50	94.12%	0.44	0.27 ~ 4.56	1.35	100%	1.14
NFX	ND ~ 8.39	0.96	94.12%	1.46	ND ~ 3.50	0.67	97.06%	0.65
CIP	ND ~ 2.64	0.63	91.18%	0.54	0.22 ~ 8.21	1.62	100%	1.53
QNs	0.58 ~ 15.84	2.27	-	2.73	1.09 ~ 13.86	4.03	-	3.62
CTC	0.30 ~ 1.74	0.45	97.06%	0.19	ND ~ 63.32	8.71	97.06%	16.77
DC	0.30 ~ 0.50	0.40	97.06%	0.02	0.63 ~ 16.08	2.16	100%	2.94
TC	0.32 ~ 1.55	0.43	97.06%	0.15	0.02 ~ 1.96	0.66	100%	0.42
OTC	0.31 ~ 0.66	0.41	70.59%	0.04	1.43 ~ 16.21	4.98	100%	3.40
TCs	1.32 ~ 4.34	1.69	-	0.58	3.94 ~ 68.32	12.47	-	19.26
ETM	0 ~ 37.79	2.38	58.82%	8.17	0.73 ~ 4.73	1.98	100%	1.01
RTM	0.17 ~ 4.32	0.44	100%	0.75	0.02 ~ 1.10	0.20	100%	0.24
MLs	0.17 ~ 42.10	2.82	-	7.22	0.92 ~ 4.74	2.17	-	0.98
CAP	ND ~ 3.71	0.54	41.18%	1.23	0.32 ~ 33.36	8.15	100%	10.58
FF	ND ~ 56.28	11.93	73.53%	20.83	0.12 ~ 5.91	1.83	100%	1.56
TAP	ND ~ 16.83	2.29	52.94%	5.85	ND ~ 9.13	1.38	97.06%	1.65
CPs	ND ~ 76.82	14.76	-	24.09	0.61 ~ 39.02	7.23	-	12.66

[1]	胡雯桉, 沈城, 孙慧伦, 王强, 刘敏. 抗生素与抗性基因在畜禽养殖中的环境影响及生态风险[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2024, 2024(6): 151-160.
[2]	关铭茵, 刘欣然, 刘敏, 杨静, 谢泽莹, 张庆玲, 李倩. 典型场地土壤剖面中抗生素及其抗性基因的分布特征[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2024, 2024(6): 74-85.
[3]	尹国宇, 郑栋升, 李晔, 黄晔, 刘敏. 中国河口沉积物抗生素及抗性基因地理格局和驱动机制[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2024, 2024(6): 86-98.
[4]	陈灏, 何贤强, 李润, 曹芳. 基于机器学习的长江口表层水体溶解有机碳遥感反演研究[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2024, 2024(4): 123-136.
[5]	房易玄, 李茂田, 刘晓强, 宋艳, 林沐东, 姚慧锟. 福建三沙湾表层沉积物重金属分布对网箱养殖的响应[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2024, 2024(1): 144-156.
[6]	游智湧, 刘博林, 刘程, 高灯州. 长江口沉积物固氮过程的温度敏感性及影响因素[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2022, 2022(3): 101-108.
[7]	宋云平, 朱建荣. 长江口余水位时空变化的数值模拟和分析[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2021, 2021(4): 121-133.
[8]	朱宜平. 长江口青草沙水域外海正面盐水入侵特点分析[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2021, 2021(2): 21-29.
[9]	葛灿, 张卫国. 基于粒级分离的长江口及邻近陆架沉积物磁性特征及其环境意义[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2021, 2021(2): 30-41.
[10]	朱宜平, 李小飞, 梁霞. 上海青草沙水库表层沉积物重金属含量水平及其生态风险评价[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2021, 2021(2): 54-62.
[11]	杨正东, 朱建荣, 宋云平, 顾靖华. 长江口余水位时空变化及其成因[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2021, 2021(2): 12-20.
[12]	王话翔, 初晓冶, 陈莹, 徐露, 杨凯. 特大城市地表水环境溶解氧时空分布特征探究[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2020, 2020(6): 154-163.
[13]	张梦霞, 郑艳玲, 尹国宇, 董宏坡, 韩平, 高娟, 刘程, 常永凯, 刘敏, 侯立军. 纳米银对河口潮滩硝酸盐异化还原成铵过程的影响[J]. 华东师范大学学报（自然科学版）, 2020, 2020(3): 68-77.
[14]	李仪, 张炎, 张雅婷, 何品刚, 王清江. 微萃取超高效液相色谱检测磺胺类药物的研究[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2019, 2019(2): 156-163.
[15]	王浩斌, 杨世伦, 杨海飞. 台风对长江口表层悬沙浓度的影响[J]. 华东师范大学学报(自然科学版), 2019, 2019(2): 195-208.