Research progress on the application of constructed wetlands with iron-rich substrates for low C/N ratio wastewater treatment

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1000-5641.2026.01.006

Abstract

Abstract:

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are commonly used as the final treatment stage before discharging effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) into natural waters. However, effectively treating carbon-limited but nutrient-enriched effluents remains challenging. Iron-rich substrates offer a promising solution because of their high adsorption capacities, redox activity, and biological affinity. In this study, we review the research directions and hotspots related to the application of iron-rich substrates in CWs, with an emphasis on their performance under low C/N ratio wastewater conditions. We also elucidate the synergistic mechanisms by which iron-rich substrates (i) stimulate microbial coupling of iron and nitrogen cycles for nitrogen removal and (ii) integrate surface adsorption, precipitation, ligand exchange, and co-precipitation for phosphorus removal. Considering the potential issues that may arise during the long-term operation of iron-rich CWs, such as iron passivation, clogging, microbial iron toxicity, and accumulation of denitrification byproducts, this study proposes recommendations for future research in terms of material development, system optimization, and mechanism exploration. These suggestions aim to provide strong support for improving purification efficiency and ensuring the long-term stable operation of CWs treating effluents from WWTPs.

Key words: iron-rich substrate, constructed wetland for effluent treatment, iron cycle, iron plaque

CLC Number:

Jing WANG, Yan HE. Research progress on the application of constructed wetlands with iron-rich substrates for low C/N ratio wastewater treatment[J]. J* E* C* N* U* N* S*, 2026, 2026(1): 66-77.

Figures/Tables 5

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Table 2

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类型	特点	富铁基质	湿地类型	HRT/d	进水水质/(mg/L)	C/N	去除率/%	成本/ (元/kg NO₃^–-N)	文献
单质铁	活性高还原性强易钝化易发生铵的累积	纳米零价铁	垂直潜流人工湿地	2	TN: 25.0±0.9 NH₄⁺: 5.0±0.2 NO₃^–: 20.0±0.6	1.6	TN: 69.92±0.56 NH₄⁺: 86.56±0.93 NO₃^–: 66.42±1.33	900~1800	[11]
		海绵铁	垂直潜流人工湿地	2	TN: 15.23±1.05 NH₄⁺: 5.61±0.55 NO₃^–: 10.72±0.66 TP: 0.54±0.06	1.3	TN: 93.37 NH₄⁺: 84.31 NO₃^–: 67.07 TP: 22.22	35~45	[12]
		铁屑	垂直潜流人工湿地	1	TN: 19.92±0.36 NH₄⁺: 7.88±0.19 NO₃^–: 12.01±0.12 TP: 1.03±0.01	1.19	TN: 71.56 NH₄⁺: 43.73 NO₃^–: 86.77 TP: 93.54±6.64	15~25	[13]
Fe(Ⅱ)/ Fe(Ⅲ) 矿物	成本低廉生物亲和性较高化学性质稳定反应速率较慢	黄铁矿	垂直潜流人工湿地	3	NO₃^–: 22.09±0.56 TP: 1.05±0.04	3	TN: 67.82±0.97 TP: 83.62±4.77	8.6~12.5	[14]
		赤铁矿	垂直潜流人工湿地	2	NH₄⁺: 35 TP: 5	0	NH₄⁺: 73.43 TP: >90		[15]
		磁黄铁矿	水平潜流人工湿地	1.5	TN: 23.60±7.12 NH₄⁺: 6.61±4.04 NO₃^–: 11.85±5.35 TP: 4.88±0.88	约1	TN: 60.40±5.60 NH₄⁺: 66.02±13.82 NO₃^–: 63.22±12.12 TP: 88.20±5.10		[16]
		菱铁矿-硫	垂直潜流人工湿地	2	TN: 39.91±1.02 TP: 37.20	1.45	TN: 91.6±2.2 TP: 96.3±1.2		[17]
铁碳复合材料	活性高且持久延缓钝化降低温室气体排放成本高	铁屑+ 生物炭	水平潜流人工湿地	2	NH₄⁺: 4.05±0.18 NO₂^–: 0.06±0.02 NO₃^–: 10.15±0.36 TP: 0.43±0.03	0	TN: 52.08±2.54 NH₄⁺: >95 TP: >76	337.5~675.0	[1]
		黄铁矿+ 活性炭	垂直潜流人工湿地	7	TN: 15 NH₄⁺: 5 NO₃^–: 10 TP: 1	0.5	NO₃^-: 92.55 NH₄⁺: 78.00 TN: 87.59		[18]
		铁改性生物炭	垂直潜流人工湿地	2	TN: 20.74±1.82 NH₄⁺: 9.38±0.42 NO₃^–: 10.68±1.06 TP: 1.01±0.12	2.96	TN: 83.51 NH₄⁺: 98.23 NO₃^–: 80.88 TP: 86.55		[19]

种类	优势菌门	富铁基质类型	优势菌属	功能	文献
铁氧化菌	变形菌门	铁碳复合材料	食酸菌属 (Acidovorax)	驱动NDFO脱氮	[1]
		黄铁矿铁碳复合材料铁屑磁黄铁矿纳米零价铁	硫杆菌属 (Thiobacillus)	还原NO₃⁻	[4] [18] [24] [50] [51]
		铁碳复合材料铁屑	脱氯单胞菌属 (Dechloromonas)	驱动硝酸盐还原亚铁氧化脱氮吸收磷	[18] [24]
		磁黄铁矿	磁螺菌属 (Magnetospirillum)	驱动硝酸盐还原亚铁氧化脱氮	[50]
		纳米零价铁黄铁矿	陶厄氏菌属 (Thauera)	还原NO₂⁻或NO生成N₂	[51] [52]
		黄铁矿	罗河杆菌属 (Rhodanobacter)	驱动硝酸盐还原亚铁氧化脱氮	[52]
铁还原菌	变形菌门	铁碳复合材料	希瓦氏菌属 (Shewanella)	驱动反硝化和DNRA脱氮	[1]
		铁碳复合材料黄铁矿铁屑	地杆菌属 (Geobacter)	参与Feammox 脱氮	[1] [4,53] [24]
		黄铁矿铁屑	厌氧粘杆菌属 (Anaeromyxobacter)	驱动DNRA脱氮	[4] [24]

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